about human nature. In 1861,when the Civil War broke out, he became a Confederate guerrilla but retired after two weeks. Then he went to the West, and worked as a prospector, miner, and speculator, but failed. And then he did reporting for local papers. In February, 1863, he began to use the pen name Mark Twain, a river man's term for water that was just barely safe for navigation. In 1865, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County was published and he became famous. He married in 1870, and moved to Hartford, Conn. ,where he lived his most productive years (till 1891), during which he wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Besides these two children's classics, he wrote many other important works in his life, among which were Roughing It, The Gilded Age, The Prince and Pauper, The One Million, Bank-Note and Other Stories, The Man that Corrupted Hadleybury and Other Stories and Sketches. He died in 1910.
Lesson10 The Trial That Rocked the World I．
1)In the 1920s，when he was a teacher at a secondary school in Dayton，a little town in the mountains of Tenessee，he was charged with teaching evolution and had to be present in the court．The trial。however，rocked the world．After the trial，he studied at the University of Chicago and became a geologist for an oil company later．
2)The struggles were in fact struggles between ignorance and wisdom．religion and science．That showed the spread of science and truth was no easy task． 3)Because the result would effect the whole country，even the world．
4)Darrow and Malone thought that the Bible could co—exist with the Evolution Theory and it was acceptable for a Christion to be an evolutionist．Besides，the Bible should not be interpreted and accepted literally．Bryan just thought the opposite way.
5) The trial began with prayer by a local minister. This showed the connection of the religion (Christianity) with the law. Among 12 jurors three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. That showed that the religion and ignorance play an important role in the law. Judging by the fact above, the law and legal proce- dures in the U. S. at that time were not sensible.
6)John Scopes lost the case in the court, but he won in a real sense.
7)We cannot take the Bible literally. Actually there is something inconsistent in it. It can be accepted as a religious book whose interpretation should not be defined by some people only. 8)This article is intended to draw the world's attention to the Evolution Theory and persuade people not to be stubbornly hostile to science. II.
1)We have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial. 2)The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently.
3)The fundamentalists believe in a word-for-word acceptance of what is said in the Bible. 4)that all life had developed gradually from a common original organism
5)Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.
6) People from the nearby mountains, mostly fundamentalists, came to support Bryan against those professors, scientists, and lawyers who came from the northern big cities and were not fundamentalists.
7)As my father complained angrily, \
8)He is here because unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked.
9)People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and humans could have a common ancestry.
10)and the crowd, who were mainly fundamentalists, took his words showing no fear as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with \
Ⅲ. See the translation of the text. Ⅳ.
1)legal terms: court, defence, criminal lawyer, leading councel for the prosecution, state legislature, trial, testify, a jury trial, case, indict, the U. S. Supreme Court, defend, presiding judge, attorney-general, open the session, juror, legality, witness, evidence, accuse, adjourn, verdict, jurymen, guilty, conviction
2)religious terms: fundamentalists , modernists, the Old Testament, fundamentalism, the Bible, agnostic, Catholic, Jew, infidel, God, Amen, Genesis\ Ⅴ.
1)Today the teachers are put on trial because they teach science, soon the magazines, books and newspapers will not be allowed to express new ideas.
2)\a contemptuous way.
3)The Christian believes that God in heaven made human being but the evolutionist thinks human beings come from lowly animals. The implication is there is nothing lofty, noble about human beings in the eyes of the evolutionist.
4)This is a pun, i. e. playing on words. This sentence may have two different interpretations, depending on how you read it. If you pause before the dash, it means Darwin, the naturalist is correct. If you read out the whole sentence, it means Darwin the shop owner is directly inside. 5)Even the ape shuddered when it realized that it might share the same ancestry with human beings (especially the fundamentalists).
6) Malone considered the defeat a blessing in disguise, although Scopes was found guilty, they had succeeded in drawing the attention of the people all over the United States to this issue.
7)The statement conveys false modesty about being with the people and indicates regional narrow-mindedness and bigotry.
8)This shows that the jurors were ignorant, prejudiced and narrow minded. There couldn't be a fair and impartial trial.
9)Bryan's role is self-appointed. There is no need for Bryan to act as the spokesman. If a thing is true it does not need anyone, least of all Bryan, to defend it.
10) Bryan was dead against knowledge, Science and new ideas, so it was ironical to name a university after him because the function of a university was to spread knowl-edge, science and new ideas. Ⅵ.
1)snowball: metaphor; grow or develop rapidly
2)circus atmosphere: metaphor; riotous holiday spirit 3)sprout: metaphor; grow or spring up quickly
4)spar: metaphor; fight with words, engage in argument 5)thunder: metaphor; say loudly and angrily
6)like a prairie fire: simile; spreading quickly, rapidly and overcoming all obstacles
7)scorch : metaphor wither, thoroughly defeat hot breath of his oratory: metaphor; the fiery speech, the caustic condemnation
8)a duel: metaphor; a life and death struggle
9)a storm of applause：metaphor；loud applause by many people 10)the oratorical duel：metaphor；the speech contest
11)spring the trump card：metaphor；take the most decisive course of action which one believes cannot fail
12)oratorical storm，blew up：metaphors；the great debate that took place like a fresh wind：simile；brought new and healthy changes．The great debate initiated by Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone in the little court in Dayton brought new and healthy changes throughout the schools and legislative offices of the United States Ⅶ．
1)hyperbole 2)transferred epithet 3)synecdoche 4) ridicule 5)sarcasm 6)irony 7)sarcasm 8)antithesis 9)hyperbole 10)ridicule，simile 11)ridicule 1 2)oxy-moran Ⅷ．
1)初级法院的裁决有利于父母，后来又作了相反的裁决。
2)立法部门制订法律，行政部门执行法律，司法部门解释法律。 3)三个证人出庭作证，证明他无罪。
4)他们呼吁速由一个公正的陪审团进行公审。
5)在美国法院，证人宣誓照实直说时，要把一只手放在《圣经》上。 6)自助者，上帝助之。
7)不管什么种族、民族和宗教信仰，在法律面前，法官应一视同仁。 8)Barristers是在法庭上进行控告或辩护的律师。
9)作为原告辩护律师，他就要尽力证明被告有罪。作为被告辩护律师，他就要为被告辩护。 Ⅸ.
1)At that time metaphysics was rampant．
2)I did not anticipate that 1 would get involved in this dispute
3)You must involve yourself in the work if you want to learn something.
4)The jury brought in a verdict of guilty and the judge sentenced him to three years' imprisonment.
5)Racial discrimination still exists in various forms in the United States though racial segregation is against the law.
6)I think we can reconcile the two views. 7)He seemed reconciled to the idea.
8)The spectators' hearts went out to the defendant.
9)The London papers expressed the view that the collapse of Nazi Germany was at hand. 10)He estimated the number of scouts on hand as ranging from three to five. 11)The project got under way soon after the signing of the contract. X.
criminal, guilt, defendant, legal, defence, afford, at, prison, prepared || trial, cross-examine, prosecution, witnesses, attend, compelled, court, counsel, right || jury, evidence, accused, verdict, innocence, unammous, majority|| appeal, tried, offence
XI. Omitted.
XII.
Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution had to believe that the Bible must be interpreted word for word. And Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. Bryan agreed. Darrow read from Genesis : \the evening and the morning were the first day. \fourth day. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, \could there have been a morning and evening without any sun?\At this, Bryan did not know what to say. Darrow then asked if he believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, \God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?\\believe that.\angry. \to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him .-. \no intelligent Christian on earth believes. \gavel to calm them down and adjourned court until next day.
Lesson11 But What's a Dictionary For? I .
1) the Atlantic. a \a \a \\scandal and a disaster\the New York Times :speeding the deterioration of the language. the Journal of the American Bar Association: deplorable, a flagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility, a serious blow to the cause of good English. Life :a non-word deluge, monstrous, abominable, a cause for dismay. 2)The making of the dictionary involves $ 3.5 million and the efforts of three hundred scholars over a period of twenty-seven years.
3)Between the appearance of these two editions, the science of descriptive linguistics has come into being. Some of the major features of the science are: a)Atl languages are systems of human conventions, not systems of natural laws. b)Each language is unique in its pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, c)All languages are dynamic rather than static, d)\only upon usage, and all usages is relative.
4)New dictionaries are needed because English has changed more in the past two generations than at any other time in its history.
5)He uses facts to show the popular press is using the language that the Third International describes, even including the very editorials which scorn it.
6)He says many English words may be spelled and pronounced, with equal correctness, in either way.
7)Because the obvious is not necessarily easy to define. 8)Yes, it certainly has some. Ⅱ.
1)a shameless example of irresponsibility in making the dictionary 2)What causes the abuse in the popular press?
3)Each language cannot be described according to other language, or even by its own past. 4)Every living language is in a process of constant change.
5)Even in spelling, which is so stable and hardly debatable, a dictionary cannot always decide absolutely which is right and which is wrong.
6) A dictionary should record the fact without bothering whether it can satisfy the vanity of those who use a dictionary to prove their unyielding position in an argument or help those who bet some money in support of their conviction. 7)Has the dictionary failed to do its duty?
8)Lexicography is a science and its judgment, like the judgment of God, cannot be swayed by anybody no matter what high social position he may occupy.
9)And this is also complicated, delicate, and always changing.
10)The editorial accuses the Third International of being pedantically and confusingly wordy.
Ⅲ. See the translation of the text. IV.
1)anemia 2)anesthesia 3)behavior 4)favorite 5)check 6)center 7)meter 8)defense 9)dialog 10)gram 11) program 12)modeled 13)practice 14)maneuver 15)Moslem 16)fulfill V .
1)shame, disgrace 2)speed up the lowering of the quality 3)horrible, shocking/disgusting, very bad 4)quotations 5)difference, disagreement 6)forces 7)removed, taken away/irrelevant, not essential 8) given up, neglected 9)listeners 10) wordiness 11)increase 12)removal Vl.
1)to see sth. as 2)hoax 3)to charge 4)to set up 5)to follow 6)quotation 7)to limit 8)to record 9)current 10)distinction 11)to be the business of Ⅶ.
1)Life regarded the dictionary being full of words that have not come to be accepted. 2)The difference...is by no means insignificant, it is basic.