out of range 在射程外， 超出范围
secure e-mail messaging安全电子邮件消息
Commanders were relying on an extensive psychological operations campaign of leaflets and broadcasts to coax Iraqi soldiers into surrendering, as they did in large numbers in the 1991 gulf war, and to refrain from sabotaging Iraq's oil fields. an extensive psychological operations广泛的心理战
refrain from 克制；抑制；忍住
The study found that those messages either had failed to reach many of the intended Iraqi units or had baffled the Iraqi soldiers who got them. In addition, Saddam Fedayeen paramilitary fighters inserted in Iraqi Army units threatened and, in many cases, killed Iraqi soldiers who tried to desert or surrender.
baffle
v. 阻碍；使迷惑
fedayeen
英 [,fed?'ji?n; f?'dɑ?ji?n] n. 阿拉伯突击队员，萨达姆敢死队 desert
英 ['dez?t; d?'z??t] 美 ['d?z?t] 口语练习 跟读 vt. 遗弃；放弃；逃跑 vi. 遗弃；开小差；逃掉 n. 沙漠；荒原；应得的赏罚 adj. 沙漠的；荒凉的；不毛的
paramilitary fighters准军事部队
The study found that those messages either had failed to reach many of the intended Iraqi units or had baffled the Iraqi soldiers who got them. In addition, Saddam Fedayeen paramilitary fighters inserted in Iraqi Army units threatened and, in many cases, killed Iraqi soldiers who tried to desert or surrender.
Leaflets were prepared for the first 48 hours of combat, but the system to approve new written messages was so cumbersome that psychological operations teams on the ground were forced to rely solely on loudspeakers. “It is clear that on the whole, psyop produced much less than expected and perhaps less than claimed,” the report found.
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cumbersome ['k?mb?s(?)m] adj. 笨重的；累赘的；难处理的 on the ground 在地上；当场；在决斗
Despite elaborate Army planning for a final battle in Baghdad - including the mapping of every section and building in the city of 5.5 million people - commanders and intelligence analysts were at a loss to determine how the Iraqis would defend Baghdad, if at all.
elaborate
英 [?'l?b(?)r?t] 美 [?'l?b?ret] adj. 精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的
vt. 精心制作；详细阐述；从简单成分合成（复杂有机物） vi. 详细描述；变复杂
mapping
英 ['m?p??] 美 ['m?p??] v. 绘图；筹划（map的ing形式） n. 地图；绘图；[数] 映像 intelligence analysts 情报分析
if at all
如(某事)果真会发生(或出现)的话；若(某人)真要做(某事)的话
\threat in the city,\
echelon
英 ['e??l?n; 'e??-] 美 ['???lɑn] 口语练习 跟读 n. 梯形；梯次编队；梯阵；阶层
vi. 形成梯队 vt. 排成梯队
Not until armored columns carried out probes, called \found, did American commanders realize that the city was not heavily defended.
armored columns坦克纵队
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Thunder Run 无敌雷公号；破茧急先锋（电影名）
thunder run【戏剧】(模拟雷声的)雷声槽；雷声箱 [亦作 thunder box]
The study also found that future adversaries could draw several lessons from the war: that
American forces' reliance on high-tech surveillance satellites and aircraft could be countered by decoys and the imaginative disguise of weaponry; that more powerful warheads for
rocket-propelled grenades, already effective against helicopters and light vehicles like Humvees, could offset American armor; that American forces could be drawn into a protracted, costly urban war, more effectively than they were by the Iraqis; and that American forces are vulnerable to classic insurgency tactics, like car bombs.
adversary /??dv?s?r?/ CET6+ TEM8
1.N-COUNT Your adversary is someone you are competing with, or arguing or fighting against. 对手 decoy
英 ['di?k??; d?'k??] 美 ['dik??] n. 诱饵；诱骗 vt. 诱骗 vi. 被诱 disguise
英 [d?s'ga?z] 美 [d?s'ɡa?z] vt. 掩饰；假装；隐瞒
n. 伪装；假装；用作伪装的东西 rocket-propelled grenades 火箭推进榴弹 offset
英 ['?fset] 美 [,?f's?t] n. 抵消，补偿；平版印刷；支管 vt. 抵消；弥补；用平版印刷术印刷 vi. 装支管
armor ['ɑrm?] n. [军] 装甲；盔甲 vt. 为…装甲
urban war 城市战争
The study also found that future adversaries could draw several lessons from the war: that
American forces' reliance on high-tech surveillance satellites and aircraft could be countered by decoys and the imaginative disguise of weaponry; that more powerful warheads for
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rocket-propelled grenades, already effective against helicopters and light vehicles like Humvees, could offset American armor; that American forces could be drawn into a protracted, costly urban war, more effectively than they were by the Iraqis; and that American forces are vulnerable to classic insurgency tactics, like car bombs.
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