表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装语序。 条件一：主语不是代词。
条件二：谓语动词不是及物动词。 例句：
In came Miss Green. （表示位置）
On the hill stands a temple. （表示位置） Now comes your turn. （表示次序）
Off he went. （主语是代词，不能全部倒装）
On the hill John saw Mary. （谓语动词是及物动词，不能全部倒装）
by: according to... 根据 ??
What time is it by your watch? By my watch it's 4 o'clock.
standard常用复数standards，意为“标准”“水平”。 safety standards 安全标准 moral standards 道德标准 living standards 生活水平
International Standards Organization (ISO) 国际标准化组织 表示“标准”，组织内部还有另外一个近义名词：
criterion (criteria)与standard的区别：criterion一般多表示组织内部自行决定的标准，缺乏standard的普适性
admission criteria 录取标准
the criteria we use to select candidates 我们用来选拔候选人的标准
ton: 可数名词作定语，一般使用单数，例： a three year old boy
不但??而且?? not only... but... not only... but also... not only... but... as well
与regard... as... 类似的表达： 1）see... as...
I see his words as a joke. 我把他的话当成是玩笑。 2）count... as...
I don't count him as a friend any more. 我不再把他看做是我的朋友。 3）take... as...
Are you taking me as a fool? 你把我当成是傻瓜吗？ 4）look on... as...
They look on her as a daughter. 他们把这个女孩子视如己出。 5）think of... as...
Learning a language should be thought of as a natural process. 学习语言应该被看作是自然的过程。
6）consider... (to be)... consider不与as搭配
7）be recognized / acknowledged as...被公认为
Heifetz was recognized as the greatest violinist of the 20th century. Heifetz被公认为是二十世纪最优秀的小提琴家。
even if引导让步状语从句，表示假设含义 ：即使?? ；就算??。 even though 尽管??，表示既成事实。
Even if you dislike ancient monuments, Warwick Castle is worth a visit. 即使你不喜欢古迹的话，那么沃利克城堡还是值得一去。
Even though you dislike ancient monuments, Warwick Castle is worth a visit.尽管你不喜欢古迹，但沃利克城堡还是值得一去。
无灵主语 口语：
Thank you very much for your help. 书面语：
I appreciate your help.
Your help is greatly appreciated.
go down 船只沉没（固定词语） 类似表达： go under
go to the bottom
在旅途中： on a trip in a journey on a voyage on a flight on a tour
“第一次”：
maiden voyage 处女航（船只） maiden flight 第一次试飞（飞机） maiden work 处女作
virgin land 未开垦的土地，处女地 debut 演员或运动员的处女秀
She made her professional stage debut in Swan Lake. inaugural （新官上任）就职的 an inaugural address 就职演说
loss
casualty 伤亡者
civilian casualties 平民百姓的伤亡 类似表达：
death toll 死亡人数
The death toll has risen to 90. 死亡人数已达90人。
9-12
大多数：
a/the majority of ...
a high percentage/proportion of ...
A high proportion of the coffee they produce goes to the US.
少数：
a/the minority of
a small percentage/proportion of ...
Only a small percentage of African American employees were considered for promotion.
form a picture of... 想象，设想
e.g.: Can you form a picture of what I described to you?
Most of them have formed an unrealistic picture of the western world.
take a picture of... 给??照相
Excuse me. My name is Richard Stewart. I'm a photographer. May I take a picture of you and your little boy? （相关的知识点）
Look in the camera.（看镜头）
Hold that pose. （别动，保持这个姿势） freeze抢劫时这么说 Say cheese. （大家一起说\） You are photogenic.（你很上相）
The picture does not do your justice.（您不上相）
When it comes to当谈到
When it comes to life on a desert island, most of us are quite unrealistic.
e.g.: When it comes to singing, John is second to none.（当谈到唱歌时，约翰唱得是最棒的。） second to排在第二位
把??想象成??： imagine... to be... picture... as... visualize... as... 把??看成?? think of... as... regard... as...
count... as...
有些像??的; ??般的： a sort of = a kind of
An atom is a kind of solar system. 原子类似于太阳系
sort of; kind of = somewhat 有点?? I am kind of hungry.
He feels sort of embarassed.
改成：...which is always bathed in sunshine.
模仿造句：
Life on campus is simple and good.
ripe: adj. 成熟的。 Soon ripe, soon rotten. 早熟者早夭 The time is ripe. 时机成熟
I'm waiting till the time is ripe before I tell my parents that I failed my exams. 我先得等时机成熟才告诉父母我考试没及格。
跟“身体成熟”有关系的词： adult生理上 an adult cat
full-grown生理上
A full-grown giraffe is 5.5 m tall.
mature：心理上
He is very mature for his age.
实用对话：
How would you like your steak? 您的牛排想要几分熟？ I like my steak well-done. 我喜欢十分熟的。
I like my steak medium / medium-rare. 我希望七八分熟。 I like my steak rare.
我要我的牛排四五分熟。
... you needn't work.
...you don't need to work.
quite= absolutely; completely
In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different.
the opposite：反面，对立面 The opposite of love is hatred. the opposite bank河对岸 the opposite sex异性
be quite the opposite 正相反
e.g.:My father is a very calm person, but my mother is quite the opposite. vice versa 反之亦然
e.g.:Boys can date girls, and vice versa.
wretched：凄惨的，凄凉的
either... or...:要么??要么?? （并列句）waiting：非谓语做定语，但此句不是定语从句，而是一个并列句
相当于：...waiting for a boat but it never comes.
there is an element of truth in...：有一点儿道理 there is a grain of truth in...
e.g.: There is an element of truth/a grain of truth in what she said.
很有道理：
there is a good deal of truth in... 毫无道理：
there is no truth in...
there is not a grain of truth in...
（写作用语）
There is no truth/not a grain of truth in the rumor.
翻译“第一幅图景有些太乐观了，而第二幅又过度的悲观了。”
The former picture is unduly optimistic while the latter picture is unduly pessimistic. The former picture is unduly optimistic while the latter unduly pessimistic.
spend: 度过 相当于pass
wish后的宾语从句多用虚拟语气，hope后用真实的语气。