II) The task proved to be more difficult than we’d expected. 5. ...she had had few educational advantages herself, ... (l. 37～38)
This means that she did not have much education herself or she was not an educated person herself.
The word ―advantage‖, meaning something that helps someone to be more successful than others, or the state of having this, is often used in the following expressions:
I) Her experience meant that she had a big advantage over her opponent. II) She took advantage of him even after they were divorced. III) It would be to your advantage to prepare questions in advance. IV) I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed. 6. except, except for (l. 48)
except后面可以接名词、代词、介词短语、不定式或从句，意思为 ―not including‖。 I) We disagreed on nothing, except method. II) Everyone except me got an invitation. III) He rarely went anywhere except to his office. IV) It had no effect except to make him angry. V) He never came except when he was in trouble.
except for除了表示―not including‖以外，还可以表示―if it were not for, but for‖ (要不是……)。
I) We had a very pleasant time, except for the weather.
II) Except for her lack of experience she would be an ideal person for the job.
7. ―As an advertisement for a college education the contrast between these two twins should be quite effective.‖ (l. 54～55)
The differences between the twins in their behavior were associated with the different education they had received. Helen had received a good education while Gladys was not well educated. As a result, Helen was more confident and graceful than Gladys. So the contrast between the twins can serve as an effective advertisement for a college education.
III. Post-Reading Reading Comprehension
1. Understanding the Organization of the Text 1) Introduction (Para.1)
No characteristic is caused exclusively by either environment or genes. 2) Research on the relative effects of heredity and environment (Para.2-8). A. Studies on identical twins raised together (Para.2)
Findings: They are remarkably alike in both appearance and behavior.
Implication: Individuals with the same genes, when raised in the same environment, will respond to it in much the same way.
B. Studies on identical twins raised apart in similar environments (Para.3～4) Findings: They exhibited great psychological and physical likenesses. Implication: This does not inform us of the power of genes and the limitation of the effect of the environment. C. Studies on identical twins raised apart in contrasting environments (Para.5～8) Findings of a case study on Gladys and Helen: Their similarities: Their weight, height, hair color, and teeth were very similar. Their differences in personality: Helen was confident, graceful, made the most of herpersonal appearance, and showed considerable polish and ease in social relationships; while Gladys was shy, self-conscious, quiet and without charming or graceful manners. Implication: Genes alone are never absolutely responsible for any trait. 3) Conclusion (Para.9) What we can do is set by the genes, but what we actually do is largely determined by the environment. 2. Understanding Specific Information 1) F 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) T 7) F 8) T Vocabulary Practice 1. 1) C 2) A 3) C 4) C 5) A 6) B 7) B 8) B 2. 1) resemble 2) alike 3) Like 4) similar 5) same 6) Identical, same, alike 3. 1) absolutely 2) eventually 3) obviously 4) Similarly 5) remarkably 6) approximately 7) exclusively 8) actually
Part Three Further Development
1. Enriching Your Word Power
1) B 2) A 3) A 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) B 9) A 10) C 11) B 12) A 13) B 14) C
2. What do you know? 1) C
DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid (de-oxy-ri-bo-nu-cle-ic acid). DNA is a chemical in every cell of your body. It is shaped like a long, twisted ladder. This shape is called a double helix.
2) C
DNA is found in all living things, including you! This amazing chemical tells each cell what to do and determines what an organism will look like.
3) C
Scientists are still debating how nature and nurture work together to make you who you are, but most agree that both play a role.
4) B
Scientists used to think that humans had about 100,000 genes. Recently, it was discovered that we have about 30,000. We carry two copies of every gene, one copy from each parent.
5) C
Many things, such as what you eat, can affect how tall you’ll grow. Even if you have talent, making art takes practice. But eye color is a trait passed on through genes.
6) B
Before Dolly, scientists used different techniques to clone animals. Dolly was the first animal to be cloned from a cell of an adult mammal.
7) C
Believe it or not, humans and chimps have a lot of DNA in common! But as you can see, even small differences in genetic codes can make big differences in what an organism looks like.
8) B
You can’t tell by looking at a fruit fly and a human, but they have a lot of similar DNA. In fact, scientists study the fruit fly genes to help advance medical knowledge.
9) B
The human genome has a lot of DNA that carries no information and is not active genetically. It’s still a mystery to scientists why this DNA is there and what it does.
10) C
Although they can have very different personalities, identical twins are often difficult to tell apart physically. But the fingerprints of each are unique.
3. Relating Your Own Experience Samples:
1) Both my parents were occupied with working so I was raised by my grandparents. They were kind to me. They talked to me a lot, especially my grandmother. They told me about their personal experiences, and what it was like when they were young and when my parents were children.
2) They told me many stories and most of them were famous legends. The story that impressed me most was about a courageous orphan. Every day, he would go out to cultivate his land. One day when he came home, he found a delicious meal on the table. This happened several times. In order to find out who was cooking for him, the young
man hid behind the door. He discovered that it was the oyster fairy who had been sent to take care of him. From then on, the good fairy and the orphan lived happily together.
3) Yes, but I also enjoyed doing things with them. While doing things with them, we not only talked a lot, I also learned a lot of practical skills.
4) I think it helped to cultivate my morality. I am honest and hardworking. I think they made me strong and courageous.
4. Case Study Physically · take part in sports with · sing songs with her; her; · take her out on walks; · be kind to her, but also strict; · tell her stories about human · encourage her or praise her ancestors to learn how they when necessary; · teach her moral values; · be kind to her friends; · respect her own judgment; · encourage her to be kind to creatures when possible. her with her · voice our feelings frequently; Intellectually Emotionally · give her good food that survived in difficult times; helps her to be strong and · help healthy; properly dressed; · let her do housework; school. homework; · keep her clean and · send her to extra classes; some programs on TV; · let her watch educational · teach her how to face failure; · take her to famous historical living · involve her in making decisions when possible; · encourage her to read. · send her to a dance places, museums, etc;
5. Solving Teresa’s Dilemma Sample
1) -- YES because the company needs to get the information about its clients so as to charge accordingly. The major concern of any company is profits and every effort should be made to maximize the profits.
-- NO because a genetic test is something private and each individual has the right to personal privacy. Even if a client has had the test, he/she has the right not to tell the company the result, especially if it means higher insurance premiums. To learn from the company who wants to maximize its profits, individuals should try to minimize their payments.
2) – YES because the company should try to do everything possible to get as much information about its clients as possible, otherwise the company may suffer great loss. If
the client refuses to take the test, it may mean either that he/she has some problem which might bring loss to the company or that he/she is uncooperative, the company may refuse to have him/her as its client.
-- NO because each individual has the right to decide whether he/she wants to take a certain test, especially a genetic test which is often considered something private. There is also the cost of a test. If the insurance company insists that its potential client do a genetic test, the company has to pay the cost.
3) – I think Teresa should charge people with the gene more because, due to his predisposition to alcoholism, the probability for him to have an accident is higher. Fully aware of the accidents involving illegal alcohol levels and as a director of the company, Teresa has to consider the risk that her company is running and she has to try her best to minimize the loss to her company. On the other hand, she shouldn’t charge those without the gene less because a traffic accident doesn’t always have to do with alcohol. So she shouldn’t lower the charge.
4) -- I think Teresa should charge James the normal insurance price because James never drinks. His predisposition to alcoholism is something genetic and is not his own fault. He didn’t choose the genes and he should not be held responsible for something out of his control. Furthermore, due to his predisposition to alcoholism, he’s more likely to have an accident which might take away his life, so, to some extent, he is a victim of his genes. How can a victim be penalized?
And If James was 25, Teresa should charge him more because the risk for the company is higher since young people have more activities and drive more, and they tend to be more emotional than older people.
6. Which has a stronger influence, heredity or environment?
For environment you grow taller and stronger. taller than their grandparents. For heredity inherited, such as cancer, high blood · My father always got very high marks in · Exercise, sports and good food can make · Physical traits and certain diseases can be · Young Chinese are obviously bigger and pressure and obesity. · Intelligent professionals’ children are not mathematics and he is an engineer. I am necessarily intelligent, so intelligence is not good at math and I plan to be an engineer. I inherited. inherited the ―math gene‖ from him. · My father is a nervous man, and he is a · My mother is a very kind person and often heavy smoker and a heavy drinker. But I takes in wounded birds or animals. I am cannot drink and don’t like smoking, so I also gentle and kind. have not inherited his traits. · Both of my parents are very stubborn