括剪切力和拉伸试验。这些试验并不是严格的满足所列出的标准，但这些试验是一个有吸引力的方面,在大多数情况下,设备/仪器是现成或可在合理的成本。
X1.2.3 A wide diversity of tests methods have been developed over the years that measure aspects of adhesion (1-5).
广泛的多样性的测试方法已经被发展多年来测量方面的附着力(1 - 5)。
There generally is difficulty, however, in relating these tests to basic adhesion phenomena. 一般很难，但是和基本的附着力现象有关的。 X1.3 The Tape Test 胶带试验
X1.3.1 By far the most prevalent test for evaluating coating “adhesion” is the tape-and-peel test, which has been used since the 1930’s. In its simplest version a piece of adhesive tape is pressed against the paint film and the resistance to and degree of film removal observed when the tape is pulled off. Since an intact film with appreciable adhesion is frequently not removed at all, the severity of the test is usually enhanced by cutting into
the film a figure X or a cross hatched pattern, before applying and removing the tape. Adhesion is then rated by comparing film removed against an established rating scale. If an intact film is peeled cleanly by the tape, or if it debonds just by cutting into it without applying tape, then the adhesion is rated simply as poor or very poor, a more precise evaluation of such films not being within the capability of this test.
到目前为止，评估涂层附着力最普遍的试验是胶带——涂层脱落试验，从1930年就开始应用。最简单的胶带测试是在涂层上加压，当胶带被移走以后，观察涂层的抵抗程度。在涂层表面加可评估的附着力，在使用胶带前，在切X槽或者交叉的槽在工件表面。附着力根据评估等级评估。如果完整的涂层被胶带干净的脱落，这样附着力被评定很弱，在这个试验中没有更精确的评估方法。
X1.3.2 The current widely-used version was first published in 1974; two test methods are covered in this standard. Both test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at an adequate level; however they do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required. Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensitivity, applicability only to coatings of relatively low bond strengths, and non-determination of adhesion to the substrate where
failure occurs within a single coat, as when testing primers alone, or within or between coats in multicoat systems. For multicoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between or within coats, the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.
当前广泛运用的版本是1974年第一次出版的。在这个标准中包括两种测试方法。两种方法用来确定涂层对底材的附着力是否足够，但是不能测量那种附着力更精密。胶带测试的局限是低灵敏度，只适用于相对低的附着力。当只用初级试验，不能确定对底材的附着力失效在涂层上，或者在涂层之间。对于多层系统，附着力失效发生在涂层之间或涂层与底材之间是不能确定的。
X1.3.3 Repeatability within one rating unit is generally observed for coatings on metals for both methods, with reproducibility of one to two units. The tape test enjoys Wide spread popularity and is viewed as “simple” as well as low in cost. Applied to metals, it is economical to perform, lends itself to job site application, and most importantly, after decades of use, people feel comfortable with it.
金属涂层在同一级别的重复性有两种方法。两个级别用再现性。胶带试验使用范围很广，被认为是唯一的低成本。适用于金属，很经济，用了十年以后，人们觉得很舒适。
X1.3.4 When a flexible adhesive tape is applied to a coated rigid substrate surface and then removed, the removal process has been described in terms of the “peel phenomenon,” as illustrated in Fig. X1.1.
当弹性的胶带粘在刚硬的涂层表面然后再去除，移动的过程已经在剥落现象中描述过，见X1.1插图。
X1.3.5 Peeling begins at the “toothed” leading edge (at the right) and proceeds along the coating adhesive/interface or the coating/substrate interface, depending on the relative bond strengths. It is assumed that coating removal occurs when the tensile force generated along the latter interface, which is a function of the theological properties of the backing and adhesive layer materials, is greater than the bond strength at the
coating-substrate interface (or cohesive strength of the coating). In actuality, however, this force is distributed over a discrete distance (O-A) in Fig. X1.1, which relates directly to the properties described, not concentrated at a point (O) in Fig.
剥落从锯齿状的前沿开始，延续到涂层相交处或底材相交处，这要依靠相对附着力的大小。假定当拉力沿着后面的分界面时，涂层表面就要分离，附着力层的材料要比涂层与底材的附着力大。实际上，压力分布在不连续的距离（O-A），见图X1.1,图中相对直接地描述性能，没有集中在图中的O点。 X1.1 as in the theoretical case—though the tensile force is greatest at the origin for both. A significant compressive force arises from the response of the tape backing material to being stretched. Thus both tensile and compressive forces are involved in adhesion tape testing.
在理论中，在两种方法中胶带拉力最初是最大的。当胶带被拉伸时，会产生压力。拉力和压力都被包括在胶带附着力试验中。
X1.3.6 Close scrutiny of the tape test with respect to the nature of the tape employed and certain aspects of the procedure itself reveal several factors, each or any combination of which can dramatically affect the results of the test as discussed
仔细检查胶带测试中与胶带天然性质有关和过程本身的某些方面揭示性质的几个因素，单个或任意组合，可以显著地影响测试作为讨论的结果。
X1.4 Peel Adhesion Testing on Plastic Substrates 塑料垫片的表皮附着力测试
X1.4.1 Tape tests have been criticized when used for substrates other than metal, such as plastics. 胶带测试已经被排斥当垫片使用的是塑料而不是金属
The central issues are that the test on plastics lacks reproducibility and does not relate to the intended application. 核心问题是，塑料测试缺乏重复性和不 涉及到预期的应用。
Both concerns are well founded: poor precision is a direct result of several factors intrinsic to the materials employed and the procedure itself.
两个关注点都被找到：精度差是使用的材料和过程本身固有的一些因素的直接的结果。
More importantly, in this instance the test is being applied beyond its intended scope. These test methods were designed for relatively ductile coatings applied to metal substrates, not for coatings (often brittle) applied to plastic parts
更重要的是，在这种情况下的适用的测试超出其预定范围。这些测试方法比较适用于金属基体的韧性涂料，不适用涂料（通常脆）及塑料部件的设计
(7). The unique functional requirements of coatings on plastic substrates cause the usual tape tests to be unsatisfactory for measuring adhesion performance in practice.
塑料基板上的涂料的独特功能要求导致通常的胶带测试不能使在实践中测试附着性能令人满意。
X1.5 The Tape Controversy 有关胶带的争论
X1.5.1 With the withdrawal from commerce of the tape specified originally, 3M No. 710, current test methods no longer identify a specific tape.
从3M 710号最初指定的胶带的取消，目前的测试方法不再确定一个特定的胶带。
Differences in tapes used can lead to different results as small changes in backing stiffness and adhesive rheology cause large changes in the tension area.
使用胶带的差异可以导致不同的结果因为刚度和胶粘剂流变学导致在张力区域的巨大变化。
Some commercial tapes are manufactured to meet minimum standards. 一些商业胶带被生产以满足最低的标准。
A given lot may surpass these standards and thus be suitable for general market distribution; 一个给定的批次可能会超过这些标准，因此是适用于一般市场分布;
however, such a lot may be a source of serious and unexpected error in assessing adhesion. 然而，这样很多在评估附着力方面可能是一个严重和出乎意料的错误
One commercially available tape test kit had included a tape with adhesion strength
variations of up to 50 % claimed by the manufacturer. Also, because tapes change on storage, bond strengths of the tape may change over time
一种市场上可买到的胶带测试装备包括了制造商声称的50%的粘付强度范围。此外，因为胶带上存储的改变，胶带的粘结强度可能随时间而改变
X1.5.2 While there are tapes available that appear to deliver consistent performance, a given tape does not adhere equally well to all coatings.
虽然有胶带可以提供一致的性能，一个给定的胶带不同等的适用所有涂料。
For example, when the peel removal force of the tape (from the coating) used earlier by Task Group D01.23.10 to establish precision of the method, by 3M No. 710 was examined with seven different electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI) coatings, it was found that, while peel was indeed consistent for a given coating, the value varied by 25 % between the highest and lowest ratings among coatings.
例如，当胶带表面剥离去除力（涂层面）使用早期工作组D01.23.10建立精确的方法，由3M710号检测与七个不同的电磁干扰/射频干扰（EMI /RFI）的涂料，它被发现，而剥离确实是一个给定的涂层一致，由25％之间的涂料之间的最高和最低的评分值变化。
Several factors that contribute to these differences include coating composition and
topology: as a result, no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings. 导致这些差异的几个因素包括涂层的组成和拓扑结构：结果，没有一个单一的胶带适合测试所有涂料。
Further, the tape test does not give an absolute value for the force required for bond
rupture, but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded。
此外，胶带测试不给一个键断裂所需的力的绝对值，但仅作为一些粘结强度的最低值，达到或超过指标。
X1.6 Procedural Problems 程序问题
X1.6.1 The tape test is operator intensive. By design it was made as simple as possible to perform, and requires a minimum of specialized equipment and materials that must meet certain specifications.
胶带测试是运营商密集。按照设计，它是尽可能简单执行并且需要专门的设备和材料，必须符合最低一定的规范。
The accuracy and precision depend largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator’s ability to perform the test in a consistent manner.
准确性和精度很大程度上取决于运营商和运营商的能力，以一致的方式执行测试的技能。
Key steps that directly reflect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sample. It is not unexpected that different operators might obtain different results
关键步骤直接反映了操作者的技能的重要性，包括胶带的拆卸和视觉评估测试样品的角度和速度。这是意料中事，不同的运营商可能会得到不同的结果
X1.6.2 Peel Angle and Rate: 剥落角度及速率
The standard requires that the free end of the tape be removed rapidly at as close to a 180° angle as possible.
该标准要求在接近180°尽可能迅速，自由端的胶带被揭掉。
If the peel angle and rate vary, the force required to remove the tape can change dramatically.
如果剥离的角度和速度各不相同，取出胶带所需的力可以显著改变。