高层建筑防火功能评价指标体系研究
（申请硕士学位）
‘
Thesis Submitted to Tianjin University of Technology for
the Master’s Degree
Research on Evaluation Index System for Fire Protection of High-rise
Buildings
By
ZHANG Li-ying
Supervisor
Professor CHEN Wei-ke
Feb.2012
独创性声明
本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究成果，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢之处外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得 天津理工大学 或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
学位论文作者签名： 签字日期： 年 月 日
学位论文版权使用授权书
本学位论文作者完全了解 天津理工大学 有关保留、使用学位论文
的规定。特授权 天津理工大学 可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，并采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编，以供查阅和借阅。同意学校向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复本和电子文件。
（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权说明）
学位论文作者签名： 导师签名：
签字日期： 年 月 日 签字日期： 年 月 日
摘要
随着高层建筑发展的多样化和功能的复杂化，传统的防火设计规范已经明显滞后于现代建筑的防火安全要求。仅在运营阶段对火灾风险进行评估不能从根本上解决防火功能设计先天不足的问题，针对这一现象，本文提出应该在设计阶段对设计方案的防火功能进行评价的思想，并针对高层建筑火灾发展的原理和特点建立了科学有效的防火功能评价指标体系。
首先，对高层建筑火灾发展的场景进行了人为界定。高层建筑火灾是一个不断发展蔓延的过程，本文根据火灾发展动力学的原理将高层建筑的火灾划分为初期增长、防火分区内充分发展和突破防火分区继续发展三个阶段，并针对每个场景火灾发展的特点对其所应具备的防火功能进行了分析，提出高层建筑应能有效的实现初期灭火、防火分区内控制、相邻防火分区隔断和人员安全疏散的功能。
其次，利用事故树分析法总结出防火功能评价指标初集。高层建筑防火功能评价结果应能真实而科学地反映设计方案的有效性，故障树能分析出导致防火功能失效的各种直接原因和深层次原因。其中最小割集能完整地体现导致各个阶段防火功能失效的各种可能性，最小径集能体现控制火灾发展的各种措施，通过对割集和径集进行分析和归纳，能使得到的指标体系更加全面而客观。针对高层建筑防火设计应具备的四个功能，本文得到的指标初集共有41个指标。
最后，利用结构方程模型对指标进行优化和验证。虽然利用故障树构建的指标初集已经具备相当的完备性，但为了提高指标体系的科学性和可操作性，本文利用结构方程模型对指标进行了筛选和有效性验证。模型适配有效证明了探索性因子分析的合理性，也即验证了指标分类的合理性，将因子负荷量作为指标筛选的标准，剔除因子负荷量小于0.5的指标，保证所得到的指标都对防火功能的实现具有明显的作用效果，提高了指标体系的有效度。
通过以上的研究，本文提出并论证了在设计阶段对防火功能进行评价的可行性，充分体现了全生命周期的决策思想，为高层建筑防火功能设计决策提供了一种新的思路，也可以为其他功能的设计评价提供参考和借鉴。
关键词：高层建筑 防火功能指标 事故树 结构方程模型
Abstract
With the diversity and the complication of function, the traditional fire prevention design specifications have significantly lagged behind the fire safety requirements. Just evaluate the fire risk in operational phase can’t fundamentally solve the problem that the fire prevention is insufficient. In response to this phenomenon, this paper put forward the idea that the fire prevention function should be evaluated in the design stage, and established a scientific and effective evaluation index system for the fire prevention function of the high-rise buildings.
First, this thesis defined the fire development scenarios of the high-rise buildings. The fire development is a process of spreading. According to the principle of the development, this paper divided the spreading into the early stage, fire fully developed in the fire compartment and the fire breaking through the fire compartment, and then analyzed the characteristics and defined the fire prevention function in each scenery. The high-rise buildings should have the fire protection function such as fighting fire in early stage, controlling fire in the fire compartment, isolating the fire and ensuring the evacuation of people.
Secondly, this thesis summed up the initial index system through the fault tree analysis. The evaluation result should reflect the effectiveness of the design truly and scientifically, at the same time, the fault tree can not only analyse the direct course but also the deep reasons. The minimal cut sets can fully reflect the various possibilities of the fire protection failure, and the minimal radius sets are the measures that can control the fire development. Through the analysis and summary for the cut sets and path sets, the index system can be much more comprehensive and objective. Based on the function that the high-rise buildings should have, this paper established 41 initial indicators.
Finally, this thesis optimized and verified the validity of the index system by the structural equation model. Although the initial indicators established by the fault tree have had considerable completeness, in order to improve the scientific and operational nature of the system, this paper used structure equation model to optimize the indicator system. The reasonableness of the default model proved the effective of the classification of the indicators. This paper made the standardized regression weights as the criteria for optimizing the indicators. When the standardized regression weight is less than 0.5, the indicator would be eliminated. As a result, the validity of index system is improved.
Through the research above, this thesis proposed and demonstrated the feasibility of the evaluation for the fire protection function in design stage, embodied the whole life cycle of decision-making thought. It not only provides a new train of thought for the fire protection but also provides some references for evaluation of other functions.
Key words： High-rise Building, Indicator of Fire Protection, Fault Tree Analysis, Structural Equation Model