C．将来完成时
1．将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由“shall/ will + have +过去分词”构成的。 Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter. 不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates. 他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
2. 将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。 Will you soon have finished laying the table? 你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？ 注意：
在时间状语从句中，不用将来完成时，要用现在完成时来代替。 When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do. 等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的所有的事了。 Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 请待车停稳了再下车。 ②表示推测
You will have heard of this, I guess. 我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了这个信息。
四、完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。
A. 现在完成进行时
1．现在完成进行时的构成
现在完成进行时是由“have/has been + 现在分词”构成的。 He is ill. He's been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了，已经卧床3个星期了。
Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? 你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗？
What have you been doing all this time? 这半天你干什么来着？
2．现在完成进行时的用法
①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在
现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。
I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently. 我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。 She has been reciting the words all the morning. 她整个上午都在背单词。
This is what I have been expecting since my childhood. 这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。 ②表示动作刚刚结束
My clothes are all wet. I've been working in the rain. 我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。
He is dead drunk. He's been drinking with his friends. 他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。 ③表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作 You've been saying that for five years. 这话你已经说了五年了。
He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.
自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。 ④表达较重的感情色彩
What have you been doing to my dictionary? 看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！ Time has been flying so quickly! 时间过得可真快啊！
Too much has been happening today. 今天可真是个多事的日子。
3． 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较
①现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。 Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗？ Have you met him recently? 你最近见到过他吗？
②现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。 I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满） I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）
③现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。 Who has been eating the oranges?
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些） Who has eaten the oranges?
谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）
B. 过去完成进行时
1. 过去完成进行时的构成 过去完成进行时是由“had been + 现在分词”构成。
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？
Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong. 尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。
2. 过去完成进行时的用法 ①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。 I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came. 他们只等了一会儿车就来了。 ②表示反复的动作
He had been mentioning your name to me. 他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。 You had been giving me everything. 你对我真是有求必应。
③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中（详见第12章） The doctor asked what he had been eating. 医生问他吃了什么。
I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我问他们那些天是待在哪儿的。
④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when 分句 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。
3．过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较 She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.
她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。（强调结果） She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.
她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。（强调动作一直在进行） 第二章 被动语态（一）
第二章 被动语态（一）
语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态(active voice) 和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
一、被动语态的构成
被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，如果有必要强调动作的执行者，动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示。助动词be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。
A. 十种常见时态的被动语态 1. 一般现在时 主动语态：do
被动语态：amisare done
We clean the classroom every day. 我们每天打扫教室。
The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。 Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。 Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。
Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有许多货物运往国外吗 2. 一般过去时 主动语态：did
被动语态：waswere done
We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我们打扫了教室。
The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。 The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我儿子打破的。
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？ How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少钱？ 3. 一般将来时
主动语态：willshall do
被动语态：willshall be done
We will clean the classroom soon. 我们很快要打扫教室。 The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打扫了。 The work will be done immediately. 这工作将马上做。
Will the school sports meeting be held next week？ 校运动会将在下星期举行吗？ When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什么时候给我们作有关因特网的讲座？
4. 一般过去将来时 主动语态：would do
被动语态：would be done
We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我们告诉他我们马上就打扫教室。
We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon. 我们告诉他教室很快就会被打扫的。
He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他
说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。
She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. 她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。
I wasn't told that I should be invited to the party. 没人告诉我要被邀请出席晚会。
5. 现在进行时
主动语态：amisare doing
被动语态：amisare being done
We are cleaning the classroom now. 我们现在正在打扫教室。 The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室现在正在被打扫。
A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 镇中心正在兴建一家医院。 Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗？ How is the new teaching method being tried there 那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的？
6. 过去进行时
主动语态：waswere doing
被动语态：waswere being done
We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我们在打扫教室。 The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候教室正在被打扫
The teaching plan was being discussed at that time. 那时正在讨论教学计划。 Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday 昨天这个时候电视机正在被修理吗？ The house was being painted when we arrived at his home. 我们到他家时，他家房子正在粉刷。 7. 现在完成时
主动语态：hashave done
被动语态：hashave been done
The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。 The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了
Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上个月以来，电视中播放了许多外国影片。
The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音机还没开。
Has a new training centre been set up in our town 我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗？
8. 过去完成时
主动语态：had done
被动语态：had been done
The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫过了。
The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫过了。 His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month.上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。