高三第一轮复习之语法填空
专题知识梳理
1. 命题揭密
2009~2013年广东广州市高考一模英语语法填空题的语言测试点分布如下表: 考点 年份 2009 时态及语态 非谓语动词 名词 1(34) 1(33) 2010 1(38) 1(39) 2011 1(25) 2(19,24) 2012 1(19) 1(18) 1(22) 2013 1(16) 2(19,20) 1(23) 连接词(从句) 4(32宾从,352(37状从,40状从,36定从,定从) 38状从) 形容词 副词 连词 代词 介词 冠词 1(40) 1(39) 1(37) 1(31) 1(32) 1(35,36疑问副词) 1(31) 1(34) 1(33) 4(16宾从,173(16宾从,232(18状从,22状从,20状从,宾从,25状从) 定从) 23状从) 1(18) 1(21) 1(22) 1(17) 1(21) 1(20) 1(24) 1(25) 1(17) 1(21) 1(24)
2. 考点设置分析
就命题形式而言,纯空格题设6个小题;用括号中所给词的适当形式填空设4个小题。 我们就语法填空的复习重点和应关注的考点,归纳提示如下: (1)近五年来,“纯空格题”只考了冠词、介词、代词和连接词以及功能性结构副词等四类词;“用括号中所给词的适当形式填空”考了谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级、词类转换等。
(2)介词、连接词、动词每年都有5-7道小题,由此可见,这是考查的重点,也是复习训练的重点。
(3)冠词:在五年中最近三年都是考查冠词的最基本的用法,其中两年有考到不定冠词a/an的基本用法,表示“一个(次/本?)”,这无疑是复习和训练的重点,但也要关注不定冠词的其他用法,同时注意定冠词的基本用法。
(4)代词:五年来只有两年考到,主要考查了人称代词在句中作主语及宾语。备考中,除重点关注已考的热点外,也不要忽视反身代词、疑问代词和不定代词。
(5)连接词:五年来考查了引导宾语从句的连接代词what、why、which;引导定语从句的关系副词where(五年考了两年)、关系代词who; 表示转折的并列连词or、but(考了三年),and,这些仍是复习的重点;备考中,要训练名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句;状语从句、定语从句的连接词。
(6)动词:时态重点考查一般过去时和一般现在时,也要留意一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时等各种时态。语态只考查了一般过去时的被动语态,一般现在时和一般将来时的被动语态值得重视。
非谓语动词重复考的是不定式作状语,过去分词、动词-ing形式。
(7)词类转换:主要考查各类词在句中的最基本用法:作主语和宾语用名词,作定语、
表语、补语用形容词,做状语要用副词。懂得了这些基本用法之后,就是要掌握构词法的基本知识,将其合理转换。
特别提醒:
(1)在纯空格题中,没有要求根据上下文填写名词、动词、拼写较长的形容词和副词。 其原因有二:一是根据语境推测出要填哪一个名词、动词、形容词或副词,这正好是完形填空要考查的内容,若在语法填空中考查,是越权,是多管闲事;二是“语法填空”顾名思义是考语法,而根据语境填这四类词同语法规则关系不大,与“语法填空”名不符实。
不过,less, more, most,much, few,fewer, fewest等词是可能在纯空格类题中考查的,因为这涉及到语法——比较等级。so, therefore, however等词虽然也是副词但它们属于功能结构性副词。
(2)倒装句中的助动词和强调谓语动词的助动词(do, does, did),以及强调结构中的it和that等都可能在纯空格题中进行考查,这主要是考查对由“it is ?.that?” 引出的几种从句的的辨析能力;名词的数或所有格(至今未考过)也可能在“用括号中词语的正确形式填空”中进行考查,千万不可忽视。
答案特点
(1)纯空格题:试题要求中已明文规定“在空格处填入一个适当的词”,即一个小题或者一个空格只能填一个单词。历年高考题的答案印证了这一点。
(2)用括号中所给词的适当形式填空:试题中要求“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”,这个词的“正确形式”,不可以出现所给词以外的其它词。究竟由几个单词组成?没有规定,五年高考题的答案是填一个或两个单词。2009年有两个小题需要填两个单词,一个是不定式,一个是被动语态。
(3)要求填的词(即答案)都是一些拼写简单的单词,平均每词约4-6个字母。 (4)三年中有两年各有一小题所填词位于句首,此时第一个字母要注意大写。 特别提醒
尽管近五年高考中“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”的答案只填一个或两个单词,但是我们在平时的训练中应当不局限于此,要训练填一个、两个或多个单词的情况。非谓语动词中,带to的不定式、现在分词的完成式都可能填两个单词;谓语动词的将来时、进行时和完成时等也都可能填两个单词,而现在完成进行时等就可能填三个单词,被动语态至少都要填两个单词。
二)解题步骤与思路
(1)通读全文,重视首句。
既然是利用语篇在语境中考语法,那么,我们在解题前,应快速浏览短文,了解全文大意,这一步非常重要。尤其要注意认真读懂第一句。第一句一般不挖空,可以从中了解文章所讨论的主要内容,特别是要关注第一句的时态,因为它是判断下文使用何种时态的重要依据。
(2)分析思路:词法—句法—篇章 读懂短文之后,要结合短文所提供的特定的语境(也就是上下文),从句子结构的完整性去分析思考空格所缺单词的词性,再根据句子的意义,以及句子之间的逻辑关系来确定具体要填的单词和所给词的正确形式。
(3) 试填空格,后难先易。
在解题过程中要先易后难,难题在大部分空格填好后,再经过仔细推敲,难题也就不会
再难了。所有空格填好后,把整篇文章从头至尾复读一遍。 (4)重读全文,检查搭配。
根据篇章前后连贯、语法正确的原则,检查所填单词的正确性。 语法填空的答题过程归根到底其实就是寻找依据.每一个语法填空的空格里所需的单词或短语其实都可以在所在的句子中或者上下文中找到它的依据。
三)具体分析方法
(一) 纯空格题
1、 缺主语或宾语,一定是填代词或名词(多考代词)。
[例1] The rings are far apart while the animal is young and growing quickly. __34__ get closer as growth slows.(2010广州一模)
解析:通过分析本句的结构,这个句子缺主语且与前面的句子之间是句号隔开,所要填入的词又是纯空格题,所以只能填代词做主语,再根据前后句的意思,可知这里指代的是上一句的名词复数The rings ,故填They 。
[例2] They held him by the hand and never hesitated to call 17 _____Grandpa. (2013广州一模)
解析:通过分析句子的结构and连接前后两个句子,and后面的句子缺是双宾中的直接宾语,应填代词;结合前一分句,不难推知是用代词him。
[例3] Wordsworth and Keats 21 ( write ) some such poems, but that is not what 22 are famous for.(2012年揭阳一模)
解析:22.they
[例4]We send our children to school to prepare them for the time when17 they will be big and will have to work for 18 .(2012年汕头一模)
解析:18. themselves;
[例5]I often thought of what a woman once taught me, and I reminded 20 of the importance of stopping, sitting down and (true) listening. (2012年湛江一模)
解析:20. myself
[例6] He walked very fast. I could hardly keep up with__23__.Soon he disappeared in the Men's .(2013年深圳一模)
解析:23.him
[例7] With the 23 (arrive) of spring, (2013年广州一模) 解析:23. arrival
[例8] her five-year-old brother, ___18 who __ had miraculously (奇迹般地) survived the same disease and had developed the antibodies (抗体) needed to fight the ___19__ (ill).(2011年珠海一模)
解析:19.Illness
[例9]There is more in education than just 20 (1earn)facts.(2012年汕头一模) 解析:20. learning
[例9]What 17 matters to the storyteller is that the story is heard—without ,(2012年湛江一模)
解析:18.interruption
[例10] His eyes were filled with___21__ (sad) while saying this.(2012年深圳一模)
解析:21.sadness
[例11]I can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and ___38___ gets there almost in a second. (2007年茂名一模)
解析:and连接前后两个句子,and后面的句子缺主语,应填名词或代词;结合前一分句,不难推知,“马上可到达那里”的是the message,替代the message用代词it。
2、名词前是空格,若该名词前没有限定词,很可能是填冠词或his, their等形容词性物主代词,或some, any, other(s), another等不定代词等限定词。
[例1] I saw him hesitate for only a moment before taking ___21__ deep breath and saying (2011珠海一模)解析:21.a 固定搭配,take a deep breath意为“做一次深呼吸” [例2] he thought he was going to have to give her all ___25___ blood.珠海一模) 解析:25.his 指小男孩以为要把自己所有的血捐给姐姐。
[例3]
17 people will add that poems must have a certain form, with a fixed number of lines and a fixed rhyme pattern, such as a sonnet(十四行诗). With rhyme, most people mean 18 rhyme of sound of words at the end of the lines. (2012年揭阳一模)
解析:17.Other 18.the
[例4] but is that 19 only reason why they go to school? (2012年汕头一模) 解析:19. the
[例5]Each story is different. Some are detailed; others are unclear. Some have a beginning,
middle and end; 16 wander without a clear conclusion. (2012年湛江一模) 解析:16.others
[例6]I am a doctor. And, not long after, in 22 unexpected twist(扭伤),I became the patient,.. (2012年湛江一模)
解析:22. an
[例7] He kept on touching___16__hair of the doll and looked very sad. (2012年深圳一模) 解析:16. the。
[例8] Daddy said that Mommy will also join God very soon, so I think that she can bring the doll with___23__to give it to my sister. (2012年深圳一模)
解析:23. Her
[例9] …noticed me and the ticket, came towards me with a big smile, “You've got__19__extra ticket' \(2013年深圳一模)
解析:19.an
[例10] I still remember taking 22 visiting friend from Canada to a local Black Country pub for lunch. (2011年广州一模)
解析:22.a
[例11] He had come to 24 right place at the very beginning but failed to find the bone… (2012年广州一模)
解析:24.the
[例12] …,the Dorritys took the children for 24 _____ outing.(2013年广州一模) 解析:24.an
3、名词或代词前面是空格,而该名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语,也不作动词的宾
语时,很可能是填介词。
[例1] One day a rich man took his son on a trip to the country. He wanted to show his son how the poor lived so he could be thankful 31 his wealth. (2009年广州一模)
解析:31.for
[例2] Growth marks on dinosaur bones are similar __33__ growth rings on trees. (2010年广州一模)
解析:33.to
[例3] The rabbit dug 20 hours, (2012年广州一模) 解析:20. for
[例4] They recently bought audiphones for four orphans 21 _____ hearing problems and small tape recorders for three blind children. (2013年广州一模) 解析:21.with
[例5] Her only chance of recovery appeared to be a blood transfusion __17___ her five-year-old brother,(2011年珠海一模)
解析:17.from
[例6] as we all did, seeing the color returning ____23__ her cheeks.(2011年珠海一模) 解析:23.to [例7] This style of poetry became known 23 free verse.(2012年揭阳一模) 解析:23.as
[例8] I still teach medical students and other health care professionals, but now 25 the viewpoint of a physician and patient,…(2012年湛江一模)
解析:25.from
[例9] I wondered who he wanted to give the doll__17___.(2012年深圳一模) 解析:17. to
[例10] he thought for a while and then took out a ten-yuan note__20__his wallet.(2013年深圳一模)
解析:20.from
4、若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词,可能是填连词。
[例1] \ 37 friends that will protect us?\(2009年广州一模)
解析:37. or
[例2]“all I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just melted me ___36___almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of what life is all about. (2008年深圳一模)
解析:因melted me和gave me两个动宾短语之间没有连词,一定是填连词;两者是并列关系,故填and。
5、若两句(一个主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一定是填并列连词或从属连词。其中名词性从句连接词是常考的考点。如何判断名词性从句?
规律:
可以从从句所处的位置判断是主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句还是表语从句。 注意:名词性从句中如果缺少主语、宾语 或 表语时常填 what; (whatever) ; who