United Way-Kirsch got ambitious. He set up his own foundation to benefit \funding research on everything from cancer to near-earth objects. \we will be hit by an asteroid sometime in the future, \conversation. \lives for 50 million, which is less than the cost of a private jet. I call it enlightened self-interest.\对应题目
6. Why does the author introduce some American millionaires at the beginning of the passage?
(A) To introduce the rapid growth of American millionaires. (B) To show how they become millionaires.
(C) To display the relationship between business and philanthropy. (D) To explain their changing attitude towards charities. Example功能题 Startups：创业公司 dole out捐款
alma mater（拉丁词）母校 alumna校友 alumni 男校友 alumnae女校友
self-interest 谋求私利
American philanthropy isn't what it used to be.
American philanthropy isn't what it used to be.：时间强对比的暗示 本句推断出了第六题的答案。
Gone are the days when old money was doled out by bureaucrats from mahogany-paneled rooms.
More people are giving out more money than ever before, at much younger ages, and to a much wider variety of causes. In the 1980s, Ronald Reagan's call for private charity to replace government largesse was greeted with hoots of liberal derision-and an outbreak of giving.
Largesse：慷慨 Hoot：嘲讽 Derision：嘲讽 Outbreak：爆发
The number of private foundations rose from 22, 000 in 1980 to 55, 000 today. They now dole out about 23.3 billion a year, a 700 percent increase since 1980.
And many are the offspring of capitalists, who bring the language of business to charity. Vanessa Kirsch, president and founder of the entrepreneurial charity New Profit Inc., says, \
failed dot-coms, and they're saying, ?I want to make big things happen.?\ 对应题目：
7. The author mentions Ronald Reagan's call for private charity to replace government largesse as .
(A) Ronald Reagan was the then American President (B) his call was severely criticized by the public
(C) Ronald Reagan first understood the significance of private foundations (D) his call received mixed responses but pointed the way for philanthropy
注：first, all, only not at all, most, never等绝对选项不选
如果一个答案能够包容另一个答案，我们通常选择可以包容其他答案的那一个。
8. The expression \many are the offspring of capitalists, who bring the language of business to charity. \
(A) who run charities in the same way as they run businesses (B) who uphold the principles of business in managing charities (C) who manage the money they send to charities (D) who think philanthropists should receive training
Their outlook is increasingly global, in the Gates mold. The share of funding that the 1, 000 largest foundations devote to international causes jumped from 11.3 percent in 1999 to 16.3 percent in 2000. And while the U.S. government is often criticized for stingy foreign aid (well under 1 percent of GNP each year), the same can't be said of private donors, who now give away 2.1 percent of U.S.GNP each year. \No nation comes even remotely close to the U.S. on these things, \you're in Sweden or France, it's something the government is supposed to do. If you were in England, it is the nobility. Americans don't think it's enough to say, ?I gave at the office with taxes.?\
Sweden or France：出现多个地点，地点强对比，有可能是考点所在
9. Which of the following can be concluded from Scott Walker's comment(Para. 3)? (A) Charities in European countries are run by the governmental department.
(B)America should earnestly learn the practice of charity from France and Sweden. (C) European countries should learn from American charity.
(D) The concept of American charity is different from that of European ones.
To be sure, business and philanthropy are old bedfellows in the United States. The Rockefellers, the Carnegies and the Fords set the mold. But many were what Mark Dowie, author of \?patrons of \\new foundations are more like \trusts progressive institutions of change, \
The new movers and shakers of American charity are more likely to be flashy TV titans like Ted Turner. The story of how Turner gave away a billion is a founding legend of
this class. In a cab on his way to make a speech at the United Nations, the cable titan, sick of official U.S. reluctance to pay U.N. dues, decided to pony up 1 billion himself. This shamed Washington and inspired imitators. \lot more personality-oriented in this culture of new wealth, \Ellen Dadisman, vice president of the Council on Foundations. \pony up：一次性付清
In Silicon Vallsey, the new fashion is called \survey, 83 percent of valley households give to charity, compared with 69 percent nationally. But they prefer to \to attract \promise hands-on management of the nonprofits they support. hands-on management：参与管理方式 nonprofit 非盈利机构
They demand seats on the board, set performance goals and plan an exit strategy in case expectations aren't met. \Traditionally, foundations have not been as invasive, \Dadisman. \Why are you using these old-fashioned computers??\ve, but if it works it could help save the world. Even from asteroids.
10. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? (A) Charities will become profitable businesses in the future. (B) More people in Silicon Valley give money to charity.
(C) Management of charities is required to undergo changes.
(D) Foundations are beginning to check how the charities are running.
解题总结：
文章最重要的句子：American philanthropy isn't what it used to be.
Other Reading Skills:
一. first, all, only not at all, must, never等绝对选项不选 二. 包含性好的选项优先考虑 三．地点强对比考点 四．强对比突出的是现在
第六章 真题分析 五
2000年3月 section2 16－20
Reading Objectives: 熟悉先破后立的论证方式，巩固边读边做笔记的方法，重点是学会找主题句
Questions 16～20 Mitsubishi Motors just announced plans to cut 10,000 jobs. Last week Nissan, now owned by Renault and answering to its tough-minded foreign boss, pledged to slash 16,500. Similar reports from Tokyo for the past year have been greeted by American and British economists as signals that at last the famous Japanese practice of permanent employment is vanishing—a profound, traumatic transformation that they insist Japan needs.
本段中，由大公司的实例引出欧美学者的观点 But there is less to trend than meets the eye. Reading past the headlines, one discovers that Mitsubishi's cuts will not take full effect until March 2004. Even Nissan's new chief operating officer, Carlos Ghosn, known to the world as “The Cost Killer,” will spread out the downsizing over three years. And Japan's companies are making many of their adjustments through attrition, hiring freezes, voluntary retirement buyouts and reassignment of employees to subsidiaries. What is striking about what is happening now is not that is represents a change in the way companies deal with workers, but that it shows remarkable continuity in nearly desperate economic times.
But there is less to trend than meets the eye. Reading past the headlines 有强转折词，本句很有可能是主题句 第二句话很具体，不太可能是主题句 What is striking引导的内容需要重点读
17. Which of the following best paraphrases the statement “there is less to the trend than meets the eye” (Para.2)
(A) Everything can be observed through the trend. (B) The trend is superficial rather than fundamental.
(C) The trend shows the continuity of Japanese recruiting practice.? (D) The trend tells us little about the Japanese employment system.?
For decades, American analysts have been predicting that a change in the Japanese ways of doing business was imminent. In good times, like the 60's or 80's, labor shortages and affluence were expected to lead employees to reject the status quo and start job hopping. In bad times, like the 70's or 90's, the pressure of the bottom line was expected to lead bosses “finally” to a proper market based system of employment. Imminent：即将到来
In good times与In bad times的对应 job hopping：跳槽
The analysts who make these predictions do not understand the deep historical roots of Japan's employment practices, roots sunk in its legal system, the structure of schools, its systems of job recruiting and skill development, its decades-old cooperative relations between companies and unions, and the implicit expectations we call culture.
On the very day of the Nissan announcement, a back-page story in Japanese newspapers showed how firm the grip of these foots can be. The game maker Sega had fired a 35 -year-old man for “lack of ability”. He protested with a lawsuit, and the courts ruled in his favor. They called the termination an “abuse of the right to fire,”decided the company had made “insufficient effort to train the employee” and ordered Sega to pay back wages.
本段用实例证明作者观点，反驳欧美学者的观点。
20. The author uses the example of the game maker Sega to show ________. (A) the importance of economic reform in Japan (B) the progress of Japanese legal system
(C) the contradiction between labour and capital (D) the cultural influence in employment practice
(A) the importance of economic reform in Japan ―― Japan does, of course, need economic reform. But the country's current crisis is rooted…. Japan does, of course, need economic reform. But the country's current crisis is rooted in a paralyzed financial system and stagnant consumer demand, especially at home. It is not a crisis of unproductive or lazy systems of industrial production. The financial system needs a thorough housecleaning, not only more transparent and effective regulation, but also internal reforms to insure that banks make more serious risk assessment when they start lending aggressively again. The country also needs public works spending and tax cuts to get commerce moving faster.?
（本段阐述了作者想要的解决方法）
But it is probably a good thing that the Japanese system resists the sort of change that would please the economic seers who thrill to misleading reports about huge employee cutbacks. A working person's prescription for change would first note that the cuts that have taken place, timid as they are by American standards, have shaken the confidence of consumers. Job security and stable wages, and public policies to insure them, could reduce fears and make people feel more comfortable about buying, increasing domestic demand and promoting recovery.? It is worth remembering that for several decades, with the familiar employment system in place, the productivity of Japanese industrial organizations and their ability to cope with shocks—like the oil crises or the tripling of the value of the yen against the dollar—was the envy of the world. cope with shocks：应付危机的能力
16. Which of the basic writing skills does the author mainly use in the passage? (A) classification 分类法 (B) definition 定义法
(C) illustration 例证法 (D) argumentation 论证法