文献出处: Labored D. The Development of Total Quality Management Theory [J] Journal of Operations Management, 2014, 24(6): 31-49. 原文
The Development of Total Quality Management Theory
Author: Labored D.
Abstract
Total quality management after a long stage of development, from quality management ideas and methods of the deeming (PDCA cycle) development to the Philippines fort root, put forward the concept of the beginning, the world has carried on the thorough research to it, the total quality management thought and method, the theory of application and development constantly in practice. Content and requirements of quality management standardization with the spread of the concept of total quality management, more and more companies began to adopt this kind of management method, it is the world recognized the effective quality management mode. The core of the product design quality management plan based on customer as the center, design products that customers need, speed up the product design, guarantee the quality of the product design, to achieve product design. Goal is to save the product cost, make the product design meets the requirements and related standards, reduce rework, enhance the competitiveness of the product has the profound significance.
Key words: Total quality management; Product design; Management plan
1 Introduction
Total quality management (TQM) is an important content of enterprise management modernization and scientific. It originated in the United States in the 1960 s, was later Western Europe and Japan to promote gradually get rapid development. It is the principle of application of mathematical statistics method for quality control and quality management to realize quantitative, change the after inspection of the quality of the products for the quality control in the process of production. Total quality management (TQM), first of all, the meaning of quality is
comprehensive, including not only the product quality of service, but also the quality of work, work with quality guarantee the quality of the product or service; Second, it is the whole process of quality management, not only to manage the manufacturing process, and management of procurement, design until the whole process of storage, sales and after-sales service. International quality academy of sciences lie zhang pointed out that the best things in the world than the total quality management. He has a very incisive insights for total quality management is: total quality management is to improve staff quality and enterprise quality, to improve quality, reduce consumption and increase the efficiency of purpose; Total quality management is the key coordination and supervision of the quality management work, and it only head shall have the right to do; The history of management is from tube people to respect people. 2 The relative concepts of total quality management 2.1 The definition of quality
Quality from the viewpoint of customers into consideration and strengthen to the product. Quality importance lies in its consistency, it is a kind of culture, is a way of life. For example, workability, reliability, durability, operational, etc., but some quality characteristics is not easy to be identified. In a word, to improve the consistency of quality, make it a better focus to meet customer demand, to exceed customer expectations, is the real quality. Traditional production oriented enterprise, the quality of products are usually only be book financial losses linked with the company: to rework cost, scrap, and warranty and service costs to measure the quality of the product. The customer is the most important part of the production system, due to the high quality products and services is not lost can ensure that the old customers and attract new customers, also can improve the company's reputation and increase market share. Customer is can feel the products quality, and can pass the demand increase and decrease of feedback. Good quality products can attract more customers, this has brought the company market space, but also a profit. The definition of national standards: quality is the product or service characteristics and features of the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. And popular definition of quality: quality is the user of a product (including services) satisfaction measurement. Quality is the life of the
product or service. 2.2 Quality management
Quality management is the quality of command and control coordinate activities of the organization. Quality management involves all aspects of the organization, it requires around form the whole process of product quality, through the establishment and implementation of quality policy and quality objectives, to provide the market with products to meet the requirements of customers and other interested parties. Quality management of the main activities include: quality policy and quality objectives; Quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. In these activities, quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement is to formulate and implement the quality policy and quality objectives. When after the quality policy, quality objectives should be back to quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. Therefore, it can be said that quality management is a kind of continuous implementation of the cycle of quality planning and quality improvement activities, is a cycle, the process of continuous improvement.
Quality cost is also called \requirements of a certain quality of costs and for not meet the quality requirements and did not meet the needs of the customers and final consumers of all losses. Quality cost, discussed the quality and cost should be level. Quality cost by general prevention cost, appraisal cost and loss cost (including the internal loss cost and external loss cost of the project.
Quality cost by the United States is the concept of quality expert Dr. Philip fort root, in the 1950 she will be in the enterprise quality prevention and appraisal cost and quality of the products do not conform to the requirements of the enterprise itself and the customers loss caused by consideration together, forming quality report, for the enterprise top managers to understand and grasp the quality problems impact on the economic efficiency of enterprises, quality management decision to provide important basis. Since people fully understand the lower quality costs tremendous potential for improving enterprise economic benefit, so as to further improve the quality of the
importance of cost management in the enterprise management strategy. The improvement of the quality, often accompanied by prevention and appraisal costs ink erase as well as a decline in the cost of loss. On the premise of meet the requirements, therefore, choose reasonable and proper quality level is an important way to reduce quality cost.
3 Total quality management theory
Total quality management, is the enterprise staff and relevant departments to participate in, the integrated use of modern science and management technology, to control the factors affect the whole process of product quality and the economic development and production of management activities and provide customer satisfaction of products and systems.
Quality mainly includes: the quality of the products and/or services; the quality of the work; Design quality and manufacturing quality. And then tend to be forgotten, but it is essential for total quality management ideas and management methods.
The development of the theory of quality control can be summarized into five stages. In the 30 s of this century is the quality inspection stage before, can only exercise afterwards checks the quality of products, eliminating defects and waste. But the quality is not the inspection, so, the quality inspection does not improve the quality of the product.1924 annual leave, hart theory quality control stage. From inspection stage development to statistical process control stage, using hart working procedure quality control chart in quality control. Product quality inspection does not come out, but the production, the quality control should focus on the manufacturing stage, which will be engaged in quality control checks in advance to the manufacturing stage.
1961 Philippines fort roots, total quality management (TQM) theory is put forward, to expand quality control to the whole process of product life cycle, stressed and the staff are involved in quality control. In the 70 s, tag chi doctor thinks, product quality is designed first, second. Therefore, the quality control should focus on the design stage, to the quality control from the manufacturing stage further in advance to the design stage. In the 80 s, is the use of computers for quality management (CAQ),
appeared in the CIMS environment quality information system (Qis).With the help of the advanced information technology, make the quality control and management on a new step, because information technology can realize many cannot be achieved by quality control and management functions. Make quality management more stylized and quantify, intelligent control. During the design phase of the quality of management, it is also will not small.
4. The development and total quality management
Total quality management in the early ninety s of the 20th century, the quality of the famous master drive quality trend. The master include deeming, Joseph Juan and Philip, Klaus. Total Quality Management, that is, Total Quality Management, is a kind of driven by customer needs and expectations of Management philosophy.TQM take the quality as the center, based on full participation on the basis of a management method, its purpose is to secure long-term customer satisfaction, organizational members and the interests of the society.1508402 definition of TQM is: an organization take the quality as the center, on the basis of full participation, the purpose is to through to customer satisfaction and all members of the organization and the management way of social benefit and achieve long-term successes fort root's definition of TQM: \meet customer requirements under the conditio随时n of market research, design, manufacturing and after-sales service, the different departments within the enterprise development quality, maintain quality and improve quality activities constitute as one of a kind of effective system”. Specifically, TQM contains the following: strong attention to customers. From the point of view of the present and the future, the customer has become the enterprise of food and clothing parents. “Customer-oriented\management model is gradually attaches great importance to by enterprises. Total quality management focus on customer value, the dominant idea is \satisfaction and recognition is to win the market for a long time, the key to create value”. Therefore, a comprehensive quality management must take the customer as the center of thought through to management of enterprise business processes, namely, from market research, product design, manufacture, production, inspection,