13. Nature-loving pilgrims from the eastern United States altered the country’s attitude toward California’s sequoia groves, transforming those stands of great trees from scienti?c curiosities to places of _____.
A. recreation B. mystery C. veneration D. solitude E. reverence F. acclamation
14. Established scientists recognize that peer review of manuscripts submitted to scienti?c journals is critical to science, but this recognition _____ a certain ambivalence in them, since reviewing takes time away from their research.
A. obviates B. mitigates C. engenders D. tempers E. induces
F. exacerbates
15. Despite ______ leaving their old jobs behind, workers were eager to move because there were to be no layoffs under the union contract at the new location.
A. jubilation over B. indifference to C. misgivings about D. outrage over E. trepidation over F. enthusiasm for
16 After the Turkish Republic was established, traditional hamams (bathhouses) seemed to many Turks to be outmoded, but thanks to tourism, hamams have experienced a _____, becoming important cultural sites for foreign and Turkish visitors alike.
A. proliferation B. retrenchment C. transformation D. revival E. slump
F. renaissance
In various writings from the 1940s on popular culture, George Orwell examined commercial texts such as comics and crime novels, seeking out political meanings that ran counter to what he considered an inherent tendency toward socialism in the English common people. The public, he concluded, was often being duped by a convert patrician conservatism, conveyed through commercial culture, that restrained the people’s radical instincts. These works constituted some of Orwell’ s greatest writing, yet those who see him as a lone precursor to today’s cultural studies, a field in which scholars examine the ideological implications of popular culture, are mistaken. A number of left-wing writers in the 1930s, many of them associated with the Communist Party, saw the need to take popular culture seriously.
The passage suggests which of the following about George Orwell?
A. He regarded commercial texts a vehicles for the views of ordinary people. B. He regarded many commercial texts as having an insidious effect on readers.
C. He considered commercial text such as comics to be unworthy of serious analysis. D. He initiated a new direction in scholarship by taking popular culture seriously. E. He regarded commercial texts as inappropriate vehicles for political ideas.
Some historians have recently challenged the “party period paradigm,” the view, advanced by McCormick and others, that political parties—especially the two major parties—in the United States between the years 1835 and 1900 evoked extraordinary loyalty from voters and dominated political life. Voss-Hubbard cites the frequency of third-party eruptions during the period as evidence of popular antipathy to the two-party regime. He correctly credits third parties with helping generate the nineteenth century’s historically high rates of voter turnout by forcing major parties to bolster supporters’ allegiance, lest minor parties siphon off their votes, and with pushing policy demands that the major parties ignored. Formisano stresses the pervasive record of nonpartisan and anti-party governance at the local level, and women’ s frequent participation in nineteenth-century public life, prior to their enfranchisement, in nonpartisan and antiparty ways as evidence of the limitations of the party period paradigm. Yet McCormick would deny that the existence of antiparty sentiment during the period undermined the paradigm, since he has always acknowledged the residual strength of such sentiment during the nineteenth century. In any case, the strength of the paradigm is its comparative thrust: the contrast it draws between the period in question and earlier and later political eras.
18. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. correct a common misconception about a historical period
B. identify a feature of a historical period that has often been overlooked C. challenge the validity of evidence used to support a claim D. discuss certain challenges to a particular view
E. account for a particular feature of historical period
19. Select the sentence in the passage that describes how a historian might reply to attempts to call his theory into question.
20. In the context in which it appears, “evoked” most nearly means A. elicited B. recalled C. cited
D. suggested E. elaborated