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备战2011届高考英语(通用版)一轮复习
专题05 主谓一致
【考纲解读】
高考研究主谓一致是历年高考试题中的主要测试点之一,它主要以单项填空的形式来测试语法一致的原则,意义一致的原则,就近一致的原则,同时还涉及动词时态、语态和修饰等。由于汉语中没有主谓一致现象,所以有时很难把握这一语法现象。在注意掌握主谓一致的基本原则的同时,要特别注意语言内容上一致的原则。分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、主语从句等用作主语的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。
【知识要点】
一、主谓一致的种类 1.语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:?
The number of the students present is 200.目前的学生数是200。? Jane and Mary look alike.简和玛丽看起来很像。 2.意义上一致?
1)主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。如:? The crowd were shouting.人们在喊叫。?
单数形式代表复数内容的词有people,police,cattle等。? 2)主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。如:? The news was so surprising.这则消息是那么得令人惊讶。?
形复意单的单词有news和一些以?ics结尾的学科名称,如physics,politics,economics等。 3.就近原则
即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or,either...or,neither...not,not only...but also等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。如:?
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Either your students or Mr.Wang knows this.? 要么是你的学生,要么是王老师了解这件事。?? 二、主谓一致的应用 1.名词作主语?
1) 某些集体名词,如family,team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。如:? His family is a happy one.他的家庭是一个幸福的家庭。? The whole family are watching TV.全家人都在看电视。?
这类名词有audience,class,club,company,crew,enemy,crowd,government,group,party,public,team等。名词population一词的使用情况类似。“a group(crowd) of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数,前者强调整体,后者强调各个?部分?。?
2) 某些集体名词,如people,police,cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。如:The police are searching for the thief.警察正在搜捕那个贼。
3) 单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如:? A sheep is over there.那边有只羊。? Some sheep are over there.那边有些羊。?
[来源学_科_网]
4) 名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等,作主语时,动词一般用单数。如:?
The doctor?s is across the street.诊所在街道的对面。? My uncle?s is not far from here.我叔叔家离这儿不远。?
常见的省略名词有the baker?s,the barber?s,the carpenter?s,the Zhang?s等。? 表示店铺的名词,一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。如:? Richardson?s have a lot of goods to sell.理查德店有很多货物要卖。?
5) 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。如:? Three years has passed since then.自从那时到现在,三年已经过去了。?
6) 不定代词each,every,no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:
Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.孩子们都想去看电影。?
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7) 如果主语有more than one...或many a...构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:?
[来源学_科_网Z_X_X_K]
More than one student has read the book. 很多学生读过这本书。?
但是,“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如:? More members than one are against your plan. 许多成员反对你的计划。?
8) 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。如:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。但如果主语用?“a kind? of,a pair of ,a series of等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如:? A pair of shoes was on the desk.桌子上有一双鞋。?
9) this kind of book=a book of this kind(这种书),其谓语动词用单数;短语this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(口语)(这一类人),但this kind of men的谓语动词用单数,men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语动词用复数,all kinds of后跟复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如:This kind of men is dangerous.这一种人很危险。? Men of this kind are dangerous.这种类型的人很危险。?
10) 复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有means(方法),works(工厂),species(种类),Chinese,Japanese等。如:
The (This) glass works was set up in 1980. 这家玻璃厂建于1980年。
The(These)glass works are near the railway station.这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。? 当它们前面有a,such a ,this,that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all,such,these,those修饰时,谓语用复数;但means,no means,the means等词前没有以上修饰词时,可用作单数,也可用作复数。
[来源学+科+网Z+X+X+K]
11) 如果名词词组中心词是all,most,half,rest等词语,所指的复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式;反之,用单数。如:
All of my classmates like music.我的同学都喜欢音乐。? All of the water is gone.所有的水都没了。?
12) 在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如: Between the two windows hangs a picture.两窗户间挂着一幅画。 2.由连接词连接的名词作主语
1) 用and或both...and连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。如:?
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Plastics and rubber never rot.橡胶和塑料永不腐烂。?
Walking and riding are good exercises.散步和骑车是很好的运动。
但是,并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如:
To love and to be loved is great happiness.爱与被爱是种幸福。?
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.早睡早起是种好习惯。? A knife and fork is on the table.桌子上有副刀叉。
2) 当主语后面跟有as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数据这些词前面的主语而定。如:
The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.? 老师和学生都在图书馆里看书。
3) 以or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also等连接的名词(代词)作主语时,谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如:?
Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.汤姆和哥哥们在房间里等着。 3.代词作主语
1) 名词性物主代词作主语时,既可以用作单数,也可以用作复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如:?
Ours (Our Party) is a great party.我们的党是个伟大的党。?
2) such,the same起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如:? Such is our plan.Such are his words.那就是我们的计划。那就是他的话。?
3) 关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:?
Those who want to go please put up your hands.想去的请举手。? Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.?人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。?
4) 疑问代词who,what,which作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如:?
Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu.谁住在隔壁?是小刘。? What produce(s) heat? 什么产生热量??
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5) 不定代词any,either,neither,none,all,some,more等作主语时,有以下两种情况:?
单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词用单数或复数形式,例如:? Now all has been changed.现在一切都改变了。? All are present.所有人都到场了。?
either,neither单独作主语时,谓语通常用单数。但后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词当然用单数形式,若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。如:?
Do(es) any of you know his address? 你们当中有谁知道他的地址吗?? None of them has (have) seen the film.他们当中没人看过这部电影。 4.分数、量词作主语?
1) “分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,a heap of,heaps of,half of+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语,如:?
About three?fourths of the earth?s surface is covered with water.? 地球的四分之三被水覆盖。?
Three?fifths of the workers here are women.这个地方五分之三的工人是妇女。? 和这种情况类似的还有“a number of+名词复数”,但是“the number of+名词”的中心词却是number,试比较:
A number of students have gone home.许多学生都回家了。?
The number of pages in this book is two hundred.这本书中的页码是二百。?
注意:(large)quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数,如:?
Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.大量的食物在桌子上。?
短语in quantity,in large quantities意为“大量”;in small quantities意为“少量”。? 2) a great deal of ,a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;large amounts of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数,如:? Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.大量的钱花在了这座桥上。?
3) 表示数量的one and a half后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用
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