定语从句的用法与精练
2014-11-16
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。 二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。(定语从句中的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种)
that which who whom whose when where why
关 系 法 指 词 代 语 主语 宾语 定语 表语 指人 who that whom That who which that whose that 指物 which that whose that 注: 关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。 四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语) 2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座 The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。 (4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。 g.关系代词在从句中做定语
① The novel whose cover was broken blongs to me .
② Henery is the boy whose mother is our English teacher . I know the person whose company produces computers .
This is the person whose story surprised everybody . (5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。 c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。 五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如: This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。 (2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如: This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。 (3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
跟踪练习：
1. This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday. A. that B. who C. whom D. this 2. The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher. A. whom B. which C. who D. / 3. The girl _____ you saw in the street is Mary. A. that B. whose C. which D. as 4. Is this the factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one B. which C. who D. whom 6. The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue. A. which B. that C. / D. it
7. The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police. A. which B. in which C. that D. all 9. Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday. A. which B. whom C. whose D. this 10. This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year. A. who B. whom C. which D. / 11. This is the only article of these that _____ written by him.
A. was B. were C. is D. are 12. The man _____ was here just now is a doctor. A. whom B. who C. / D. he 13. The boy _____ has two lovely dogs. A. who live next door B. which lives next door C. whom lives next door D. that lives next door
14. Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands. A. which B. whom C. that D. who 15. The farm _____ we stayed last week is a lovely place for a holiday. A. when B. where C. that D. at that 16. He is the most careful boy _____ I know. A. what B. which C. as D. ./ 17. This is the school _____ Mr. Smith once taught. A. in that B. when C. where D. there 18. Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born? A. where B. in that C. that D. which 19. The factory _____ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week. A. when B. where C. that D. which 20. Do you still remember the day _____ we first met? A. that B. when C. what D. on that 21. October 1,1949 is the day _____ we’ll never forget. A. when B. that C. where D. in which
22. October 1, 1949 was the day _____ the People’s Republic of China was founded. A. which B. when C. where D. in which 23. Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing? A. which B. where C. in which D. what
25. I still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. A. what B. which C. that D. where 26. Have you seen the girl _____?
A. that I told B. I told you of C. whom I told D. I told of 28. Finally the thief handed in everything _____ he had stolen to the police. A. which B. that C. what D. whatever
29. The lecture spoke of some writers and novels _____ were known to us all. A. which B. that C. who D. what
30. I can still remember the sitting room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. A. what B. which C. that D. where 32. The only question _____ is to find our way home.
A. that mattered B. that matters C. which mattered D. matter 34. The farmers used wood to build a house _____ grain can be stored. A. with which B. where C. in that D. which
35. -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father？
-Yes， he’s our headmaster.
A. he B. who C. which D. whom 36. Is this the river _____I can swim？
A. which B. in which C. that D. the one 37. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it
38. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day？ A. that you bought B. you bought it
C. that you bought it D. which you bought it
39. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree
40. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing. A. that B. it C. which who
41. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate A. who’s B. whose C. that of which.
42. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.
A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was 43. I love places ______the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who 44. The world ______ is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we live
C. where we live in D. we live in
45. Who can think of a situation ________ this idiom can be used? A. which B. that C. where D. in that Ⅱ. 用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom填空。 1. The first thing ______you must do is to have a meal.
2. April 1st is the day _____is called April Fool’s Day in the west.
3. The family _____had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends. 4. The house _____we live in is very old.
5. Didn’t you see the man ______I talked with just now？
Homework: 定语从句巩固练习题
1. Don’t talk about such things of _______ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those
2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one
4. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one