2016学年第一学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷
高三英语试题 2016.12
高三英语试卷(听力略） Grammar and vocabulary Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Please mind the silence
Despite being used by 1.34 billion people each year, traveling on the Tube in London can actually be quite lonely. An unwritten rule encouraging silence, mixed with classic British reserve, means that (21) _________ you’re packed into an enclosed space with hundreds of other people, the morning commute (上下班）can leave you feeling somewhat isolated.
One London resident, however, is trying to change this.
“You get on the Tube here and ifs completely silent and ifs weird,\ an American living in London, who has, ironically, started (22) ______ worldwide dialogue after giving out badges (黴章）with the slogan “Tube chat?” last month, encouraging commuters in London to get talking to one another. “I handed out 500 badges during rush hour in a city of 8 million, expecting many refusals and most of them (23) ______ (throw) away, but after about 24 hours it completely snowballed,” he says.
Dunne and his “Tube chat” campaign (24) _______ (feature) in media across the world ever since, seeing TV interviews in Sweden, Brazil and the UK, as well as countless website, newspaper and magazine appearances.
Although Dunne says he’s received mostly positive feedback, not everyone agrees with his sentiment. Londoner Brian Wilson responded with a campaign of (25) _______ own, handing out 500 badges with the words “Don’t even think about it” on them.
“I (26) ______ hardly stand the idea of having to talk to strangers on the Tube on my way to work,” he told the BBC. Michael Robinson, 24, a student from London, agrees. “Being on the Tube is the only peace and quiet some people get on their journeys to and (27) _________ work. It doesn’t
need to be spoiled by people coming up and chatting to you,” he says. While London has its seemingly antisocial set of regulations to follow, not everywhere lacks a sense of community.
Does Dunne hope that some of this community spirit (28) ____________ (mirror) in the UK following his campaign? “People assume that I just walk up and talk to strangers, (29) ________ I don’t, but it’s been a great way to meet people you would never have normally spoken to,” he says. “On Monday, Oct 10, the curator (馆长）of the London Transport Museum had me over for tea.”
So if you ever end up (30) _____ (use) public transport in the West, why not say hello to the person next to you? Just make sure to check for a badge first.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only
once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. overtook B. promising G beliefs H. reasonable
C. likelihood I. trend D. ridiculous E. shared F. controlled J. tracked K. demonstrated The rise in stories describing events that never happened, often involving fake people in fake places, has led to Facebook and Google’s (31) ____ to deal with them. But are we really so easy to fool? According to several studies, the answer is yes: even the most obvious fake news starts to become believable if it’s (32) ____ enough times.
In the months running up to the US election there was a swrge(大浪）in fake news. According to an analysis by Craig Silverman, a journalist, during this time the top 20 fake stories in circulation (33) ____ the top 20 stories from 19 mainstream publishers.
Paul Horner, a creative publisher of fake news, has said he believes Donald Trump was elected because of him. “My sites were picked up by Trump supporters all the time…His followers don’t fact-check anything - they’ll post everything, believe anything,” he told the Washington Post.
Silverman previously (34) ____ rumours circulating online in 2014 and found that shares and social interactions around fake news articles dwarfed (使...相形见绌）those of the articles that exposed them. According to Silverman, fake news stories are engineered to appeal to people’s hopes and fears, and aren’t (35) _____ by reality, which gives them the edge in creating shareable content.
You might think you’re immune to falling for these lies, but a wealth of research disagrees. Back in the 1940s, researchers found that “the more a rumour is told, the more (36) _________ it sounds”. They suggested this means that a rumour born out of mild suspicion can, by gaining currency, shift public thinking and opinion.
This false impression of truth was (37) _____ practically in 1977 when researchers in the US quizzed college students on the actuality of statements that they were told may be true or false. The researchers found that simply repeating the statements at a later date was enough to increase the (38) _____ of the students believing them.
Last year, Lisa Fazio at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and her team found that students become more likely to believe a statement that they know must be false if it is repeated.
“Our research suggests that false news can and likely does affect people’s (39) _____ . Even if
people are conscious that a headline is false, reading it multiple times will make it seem more trustworthy,” Fazio says.
Reassuringly, the team found that a person’s knowledge still has a large influence over their beliefs, but it’s still a worrying (40) ________ given that falsehoods appear repeatedly in our newsfeeds every day.
II. Reading
Comprehension Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there arc four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Two key climate change indicators — global surface temperatures and Arctic sea ice extent — have broken numerous records through the first half of 2016, according to NASA analyses of ground-based observations and satellite data. Each of the first six months of 2016 set a record as the warmest (41) month globally in the modern temperature record, which (42) 1880,
according to scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York. The six-month period from January to June was also the planet's warmest half-year on record, with a(n) (43) ________ temperature 1.3 degrees Celsius (2.4 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the late nineteenth century.
Five of the first six months of 2016 also (44) ______ the smallest respective monthly Arctic sea ice (45) ______ since regular satellite records began in 1979, according to analyses developed by scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland. The one (46)_____, March, recorded the second smallest for that month.
(47) ____ these two key climate indicators have broken records in 2016, NASA scientists said it is more significant that global temperature and Arctic sea ice are continuing their
decades-long trends of change. Both trends are ultimately driven by rising (48) _____________ of heat-trapping carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The extent of Arctic sea ice at the peak of the summer melt season now typically (49) _____ 40 percent less area than it did in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Arctic sea ice extent in September, the seasonal low point in the annual cycle, has been (50) _________ at a rate of 13.4 percent per decade.
\_________ the gaining global temperatures from October, it is the basic trend which is producing these record numbers,\Director Gavin Schmidt said.
(52) ____ El Nino events have driven temperatures to what were then record levels, such as in 1998. But in 2016, even as the effects of the recent El Nino wear off, global temperatures have risen well beyond those of 18 years ago (53) _______ the overall warming that has taken place in that time.
The global trend in rising temperatures falls behind the regional (54) _____ in the Arctic, said Walt Meier, a sea ice scientist at NASA Goddard.
\the Arctic over the past six months have been even more extreme,\well as unusual weather (55) _____ have led to the record low sea ice extents so far this year.\
41. A. resistant B. respective C. resolved C. dates back to C. common C. involved C. amount C. month C. After C. concentrations C. approaches C. declining C. broke away from C. Disastrous C. in spite of C. gathering C. patterns D. remote D. goes ahead of D. temporary D. conducted D. extent D. exception D. As D. applications D. indicates D. moving D. resulted from D. Previous D. because of D. changing D. illustrations 42. A. makes sense of B. keeps up with 43. A. average B. ordinary 44. A. confirmed B. witnessed 45. A. standard 46. A. datum 47. A. While 48. A. combinations 49. A. includes 50. A. increasing 51. A. ended up with 52. A. Frequent 53. A. in return for 54. A. warming 55. A. forecasts B. content B. example B. When B. reductions B. covers B. changing B. gave rise to B. Natural B. in case of B. falling B. varieties Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
Late one autumn day at the aquatic center (水上运动中心）in Ancenis, France, something went quietly, horribly wrong. An 18-year-old named Jean-Francois LeRoy was a regular, coming often in the early evenings to swim in the 25-meter pool. Drownings are often difficult to spot. Most are near-silent incidents where the victim quickly sinks out of view. On this particular day maybe the lifeguards weren't paying as close attention as they should have been. Certainly they believed the tall athletic LeRoy was not a high-risk swimmer.
But on this evening LeRoy was practicing apnea(屏气）swimming—testing how far he could swim underwater on one breath—and at some point, without making any visible or audible disturbance on the water's surface, he lost consciousness. The guards failed to notice as he stopped swimming and sank to the bottom of the deep end of the pool. With his arms crossed over his head and his feet twitching (抽搐),he was unconscious and drowning. It would lake him as little as four minutes to die.
Although the human lifeguards witching the pool were unaware, 12 large machine eyes deep underwater were watching the whole thing and taking notice. Just nine months earlier the center had installed a state-of-the-art electronic surveillance system called Poseidon, a network of cameras that feeds a computer programmed to use a set of complex mathematical procedure to distinguish between normal and distressed swimming. Poseidon covers a pool's entire swimming area and can distinguish among dim reflections, shadows, and actual swimmers. It can also tell when real swimmers are moving in a way they're not supposed to. When the computer detects a possible problem, it instantly activates a beeper to warn lifeguards and displays the exact incident location on a monitor. The rest is up to the humans above the water.
Sixteen seconds after Poseidon noticed the large, sinking lump that was Jean-Francois LeRoy, lifeguards had LeRoy out of the pool and gave him first aid. He started breathing again. After one
night in the local hospital, he was released with no permanent damage. Poseidon had saved his life. 56. People sometimes fail to detect accidents in the swimming pool because _______ .
A. lifeguards neglect their duties B. drowning men don’t struggle in water C. there is no electronic surveillance system installed D. drownings often occur quietly and quickly 57. Which of the following statements in NOT true?
A. Lifeguards will give way to Poseidon system. B. Poseidon system can locate drowning incidents. C. Poseidon system can pick out unusual swimmers. D. Lifeguards will count on Poseidon system. 58. The purpose of this passage is to ______________ .
A. publicize a machine which can watch out for swimmers in distress B. tell people what may happen in a swimming pool C. warn swimmers not to swim underwater alone
D. advertise an aquatic center equipped with state-of-the-art devices
B
The first animals on earth were never able to achieve much in the world because they lived in the sea, which provided limited oxygen, and they had no backbone. For ages there were many kinds of these animals living in the sea and on land. They differed widely from each other and included such creatures as insects and worms. They had no brain, and therefore none of these animals without a backbone has ever been of much importance. They are wonderfully made but differ so widely that it is really impossible to arrange them in a simple order. However, those who study the different kinds of backboned animals find they can all be arranged in a simple way. More importantly, it is possible to show which class evolved first, which last, and so on.
The five great classes of backboned animals are: fishes, amphibian, reptiles, birds and mammals. A common amphibian is the frog which is able to live in water and on land. A mammal feeds its young by giving milk. There are very great differences between a fish, a frog, a horse, a bird and a man; yet they all have a backbone.
A great step was taken when some creatures swam ashore. Perhaps it all began when the frog developed. Even today, a baby frog, the tadpole, begins as a fish, having gills (鳃),but then becomes a frog with lungs. The frog even develops feet and hands similar to ours in bone structure. Ages ago the first frog laid down the plan of the kind of limbs(肢）which all backboned animals, including
humans, have bad, though some of them, like the bird, do not keep this kind of five-fingered limb all their lives.
When the frog has grown from a tadpole to a backboned animal with four limbs, breathing air by means of lungs, it is very like certain of the next class of backboned animals-- the reptiles. The larger reptiles living on earth for many year ago were dinosaurs. Some of the smaller ones grew stretches of skin between their outspread fingers to form wings. We do know, from fessilized (化石的）remains, that the first birds were flying reptiles with sharp teeth. What a strange world it must have been during these times!
59. The author believes that animals without backbones ______. A. had no brain so they did not survive B. were difficult to classify C. have been important creatures D. are easily placed in order of arrival