初中英语语法大全:形容词和副词
A:形容词
1、 形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。
2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。 (错) He is an ill man. (对) The man is ill. (错) She is an afraid girl. (对) The girl is afraid.
这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如: something nice 2. 以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。 改错:(错) She sang lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely.
(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 3 用形容词表示类别和整体
1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope.
2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题:
1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案:C。由\限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词\的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。 2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:
限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词 old + brown + wood + table 5下列几类形容词也没有比较等级:
(1)表示“终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。 (2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如:back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如:atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容词。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。 6形容词作定语时的后置
a.前面我们讲到形容词作定语时,位置要放在所修饰的名词前面,但当它带有表示量度的词或词组时,定语后置。
They have built a bridge a hundred meters long. 他们建成了一座一百米长的桥。
Last year we built a building thirteen storeys high. 去年,我们盖了一栋十三层的高楼。
b.带有表示量度的词或词组,作表语时,也后置。 The bridge is a hundred meters long. 这座桥长达一百米。
The building is thirteen storeys high.
这个大楼有十三层高。
They have built a two-hundred-meter-long bridge. 他们已经修建了一座长二百米的桥。 注意
量度词组变成合成语时,作定语用,放在名词前。 Last year we built a thirteen-storey-high building. 去年我们建了一座高十三层的大楼。
c.另外,一些形容词或形容词词组常用来放在句首、句中或句尾,作状语。 He returned home, tired and hungry. 他又累又饿地回到了家。
Cold and hungry, he walked in the street. 又冷又饿,他走在街道上。
B: 副词及其基本用法
1 副词的种类、用法和位置
副词在句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。用来表示时间、场所、状态及程度。 1 副词的种类 1.副词的种类 (1)时间副词
①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far
②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally (2)地点副词
①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere, nowhere,somewhere.
②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):
above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over, away,near,off,past
(3)方式副词表示谓语动词\怎样地\,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):