man robbed two banks in broad daylight without wearing a disguise, believing that lemon juice he had rubbed on his face would make him invisible to security cameras.
The confidence-skill disconnection has been named the Dunning-Kruger effect, after a study by social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger. Dunning and Kruger had Cornell undergraduates perform tests of humor, logic, and grammar, and then rate how well they think they performed compared to other subjects in the study. The worst performing subjects, whose scores put them in the 12th percentile, estimated that they had performed in the 62nd percentile. Summarizing the findings, Dunning noted, “Poor performers—and we are all poor performers at some things—fail to see the flaws in their thinking or the answers they lack.” When we think we are at our best is sometimes when we are at our objective worst.
As any number of political scandals illustrate, the second type of stupid mistake involves impulsive acts—when we seem unable to keep our behavior in check. In the scandal that became known as Weinergate, former U.S. representative Anthony Weiner sent blue texts and pictures of himself to women he met on Facebook. (After resigning, Weiner continued his cyber-dalliances, and then fell prey to the Dunning-Kruger effect when he overestimated his support in the 2013 New York City mayoral primary; he received 5% of the vote.)
The final variety of stupid mistake involves failing to concentrate—Homer Simpsonesque D’oh moments. As arguably the best example from American sports history, in the 1929 Rose Bowl, University of California star Roy Riegels recovered a fumble(失误球) and returned it 65 yards the wrong way. Riegel’s mistake set up a safety for Georgia Tech, which turned out to be the deciding factor in the opponent’s victory. Aczel and colleagues’ analyses revealed that subjects viewed this category of stupid mistake as the least stupid.
It is, of course, unrealistic to think that we could ever eliminate human error. To err will always be human. However, this research gives us a better description of our failings and weaknesses, and a place to start in thinking about interventions and prescriptions to help us err less. This research also reminds us of our shared human weaknesses. We all tend to overestimate our abilities, to make impulsive
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decisions, and to fail to keep attention. This simple realization makes stupid mistakes seem, perhaps, a little less stupid — and a little more human.
Title: Why you make breathtakingly stupid mistakes (71)_____of the research ●Compiling stories about stupid mistakes from some sources. ●Rating the stories on the factors like responsibilities, influences, etc. ●(72)__________ how the subjects rate the stories. Types of stupid mistakes Confidence – skill disconnection ●It happens when confidence takes (73)____________. Eg: A man rubbing lemon juice on his face robbed banks by (74)______his head in the sand like an ostrich ( 鸵鸟). ●The outcome may be just the (75)_________ when we overestimate our skills. ●We cannot put our behavior under Impulsive acts (76)____________. Eg. Weiner disturbed women by sending blue texts and pictures, which put him at a disadvantage in mayoral primary. (77)__________ of attention ●Though viewed as the least stupid, it can be a deciding factor in may cases. Eg. Roy Riegel’s running the wrong way with a fumble (78)___________ for Geogia Tech winning the game. Values of the research ●Providing us with a clear image of our failings and weaknesses. ●Helping us err less though we are (79)__________ to stay away from error. ●Enabling us to evaluate our abilities objectively, make rational - 17 -
decisions and always get (80)_______________.
五、读写任务（共1小题；满分25分）
Bullying isn’t just confined to the real world. According to the Cyberbullying Research Center, almost half of all young people have been bullied online. Cyberbullying is a form in which people harm other people online deliberately. And unlike the traditional bully, the electronic bully can remain anonymous, so we often
Kate is a victim of cyberbully. It’s so bad that she doesn’t want to leave the house. Someone from school has put message on social media saying she’s ugly and she should die. It’s terrible. don’t know who they are. Cyberbullying includes things like spreading lies and rumors online, sending or forwarding unpleasant message via instant messaging, text or on social networks. It’s becoming very common among teenagers these days. They are campaigns against cyberbullying and some places have adopted laws to prevent it. 【写作内容】
1. 用约30个单词写出上下文概要； 2. 用约120个单词写作以下相关内容： （1）网络暴力的原因和影响；
（2）从社会规范和个人行为谈谈如何应对网络暴力。 【写作要求】
1. 发表观点时必须提供理由或论据
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2. 阐述观点、提供论据或叙述经历时，不能直接引用原文语句 3. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称
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参考答案
听力、ACABC ACBCA ACBCB CBCCA 单选、DDACA DBDCA CCAAB
完型、BCCDA CCCBA DDCAA BBACD 阅读、BD DBC BCDC CABAAD
任务型：71. Procedure(s) / Process / Steps 72. Analyzing / Analysing
73. over 74. burying 75. opposite / contrary 76. control
77. Failure / Lack / Absence 78. made / accounted 79. unlikely / unable 80. focused / concentrated 写作：
Cybebullying issue has been a hard nut to crack, which affects students’ daily life and even brings about psychological problems. The descriptions presented above are typical examples.
Quite a few factors give rise to the hot issue. To begin with , many media online expose children to negative information, especially concerning violence , which will be rooted in children’s heart and mislead them to bullying. Besides, inadequate parental education should also be responsible for their children’s ignorance of laws and indifference to others’ feelings. They will end up appealing to more simple but rude ways to serve their purpose. As a consequence, not only does it endanger children’s physical condition but also causes many mental problems.
From my point of view, there is no simple solution to cyberbullying. Most important of all is proper guidance and monitoring as well as moral education from both schools and parents. It’s only in this way that students can grow up healthily and we may build a harmonious society.
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