judgments and on the beliefs that (a) macroeconomic fluctuations significantly reduce economic well-being, (b) the government is knowledgeable and capable enough to improve upon the free market, and (c) unemployment is a more important problem than inflation.
?Keynesian policies sought to smooth the economic cycle by increased government spending into the downturn. The extra public spending would boost demand, stimulate investment and create jobs at a time when private demand was falling, thus making the trough(（经济周期中的）低谷期、萧条期 ) of the economic cycle less severe.(p.54--57) Questions for Next LectureVII
?1. How many tiers are there in English educational system? ?2. What is the fundamental policy of English education?
?3.For what reason does Britain also provide religious education and daily collective worship for all pupils?
?4. How many types of secondary schools, and what are they? ?5. Does Britain have a national test like China?s “high-entrance-examination? What is it for? ?6. What is the elemental goal of British higher education?
Lecture VII. British Education
?1.Three tiers. They are primary, secondary and higher education. (p. 68)
?2. the fundamental policy of Britain is 11 or 12 years free and compulsory education. (p.68) ?3.the purpose of religious education is to cultivate pupil?s moral sense (p.69)
?4.there are three types of secondary schools. they are comprehensive secondary schools, independent schools and public schools. (p. 70~73)
?5. yes, Britain has 2 sorts of national tests, sth. like China?s “senior-high-school-graduation examination” and “high-entrance-examination”. The former is called “General Certificate of Secondary Education” (GCSE); the later is also called “GCSE”, but the “examination papers ” are more difficult, which is prescribed for the students to apply for admission into a college or university. (p.71)
?6. the elemental goal of British higher education is to provide necessary training for individuals wishing to enter professional careers, develop students? creativity and analytical skills, give them critical thinking and problem-solving skills. (p.74)
?What kind of social customs of Britain are similar or different to our country? ?Name out some manners which are unacceptable in Britain?
?How do we get to know the name of the person in whom we are interested or inclined to make a friend with?
Questions for lecture XIII
?1.What do you know about the English jury system and common law? ?2.What is the historical significance of the Great Charter?
?3.What do you know about the cause and effect of the Hundred Years? War? ?4.What was the effect of the Wars of Roses?
Questions for lecture VIII
?What kind of social customs of Britain are similar or different to our country? ?Name out some manners which are unacceptable in Britain?
?How do we get to know the name of the person in whom we are interested or inclined to make a
friend with?
Lecture VIII. Daily-life Culture of Britain
?In day-to-day cultural and social life, Britain is in many ways similar to other major Western
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countries. This is largely because they all believe in God and share similar values. But Britain has its
own characteristics resulting from history. these characteristics can also be found in English way of life. A case in point is the traditional image of the English gentleman.
Manners in England
?The British are said to be reserved in manners, dress and speech. We are famous for our politeness, ?Greetings (Etiquette礼节礼仪)：
?How to greet someone in English etiquette
self-discipline and especially for our sense of humor. Basic politeness (please, thank-you, excuse me) is expected.
British people are quite reserved when greeting one another. Greeting can be a bright ?Hello? ‘Hi’ or ?Good morning?, when you arrive at work or at school.
?Terms of Endearment - Names we may call
you may be called by many different ?affectionate? names, according to which part of the Britain you are in. Do not be offended, this is quite normal. For example, you may be called dear, dearie, flower, love, chick, chuck (宝贝), me duck(亲爱的，宝贝), me duckie, mate, guy, son, ma'am, madam, miss, sir, or treacle, according to your sex, age and location.
?
?Visiting people in their houses
When being entertained at someone's home it is nice to take a gift for the host and hostess. A bottle of wine, bunch of flowers or chocolates are all acceptable.
Do's and Don'ts (Taboos) in England UK:
?Do stand in line:
In England we like to form orderly queues (standing in line) and wait patiently for our turn e.g.. boarding a bus. It is usual to queue when required, and expected that you will take your correct turn and not push in front. 'Queue jumping' is frowned upon.
?Do say \:
If someone is blocking your way and you would like them to move say excuse me and they will move out of your way.
?Do say \
It is very good manners to say \You will notice in England that we say 'thank you' a lot.
Do say sorry:
If you accidentally bump into someone, say 'sorry'. They probably will too, even if it was your fault! This is a habit and can be seen as very amusing by an 'outsider'.
?Do Smile:
A smiling face is a welcoming face.
?Do Drive on the left side of the road
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?In England...Do not greet people with a kiss:
We only kiss people who are close friends and relatives. ?Avoid talking loudly in public;
?It is impolite to stare at anyone in public. Privacy is highly regarded.
?Do not pick your nose in public:
We are disgusted by this. If your nostrils need de-bugging, use a handkerchief. ?Avoid doing gestures such as backslapping(拍?-肩背表示亲热) and hugging This is only done among close friends.
?Do not spit.
Spitting in the street is considered to be very bad mannered.
?Do not burp in public
You may feel better by burping loudly after eating or drinking, but other people will not! If you can not stop a burp from bursting out, then cover your mouth with your hand and say 'excuse me' afterwards.
?It is impolite to speak with your mouth full of food. ?Do not ask personal or intimate questions ?Never eat off a knife when having a meal.
We like our privacy. Please do not ask questions such as \much money do you earn?\\much do you weigh?\Why aren't you married?\
?In England...Women in Britain are entitled to equal respect and status with men in all areas of life
and tend to have more independence and responsibility than in some other cultures. What are Britain's Social Customs?
?Time
British people place considerable value on punctuality. If you agree to meet friends at three o'clock, you can bet that they'll be there just after three. Since Britons are so time conscious, the pace of life may seem very rushed. In Britain, people make great effort to arrive on time. It is often considered impolite to arrive even a few minutes late. If you are unable to keep an appointment, it is expected that you call the person you are meeting. Some general tips follow.
?You should arrive:
* At the exact time specified – for dinner, lunch, or appointments with professors, doctors, and other professionals.
* Any time during the hours specified for teas, receptions, and cocktail parties.
* A few minutes early: for public meetings, plays, concerts, movies, sporting events, classes, church services, and weddings.
?If you are invited to someone's house for dinner at half past seven, they will not expect you to be there on the dot. It is considered good manners to arrive ten to fifteen minutes \might state \says \
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?Invitations
“ Drop in anytime” and “come see me soon” are idioms often used in social settings but seldom meant to be taken literally. It is wise to telephone before visiting someone at home. If you receive a written invitation to an event that says “RSVP”请赐复(正式请柬用语), you should respond to let the person who sent the invitation know whether or not you plan to attend.
?Never accept an invitation unless you really plan to go. You may refuse by saying, “Thank you for
inviting me, but I will not be able to come.” If, after accepting, you are unable to attend, be sure to tell those expecting you as far in advance as possible that you will not be there.
?Although it is not necessarily expected that you give a gift to your host, it is considered polite to do
so, especially if you have been invited for a meal. Flowers, chocolate, or a small gift are all appropriate. A thank-you note or telephone call after the visit is also considered polite and is an appropriate means to express your appreciation for the invitation.
?Dress
Everyday dress is appropriate for most visits to peoples' homes. You may want to dress more formally when attending a holiday dinner or cultural event, such as a concert or theatre performance.
?Introduction and Greeting
It is proper to shake hands with everyone to whom you are introduced, both men and women. An appropriate response to an introduction is \to someone, extend you hand for a handshake and say \ ?Dining
When you accept a dinner invitation, tell your host if you have any dietary restrictions. He or she will want to plan a meal that you can enjoy. The evening meal is the main meal of the day in most parts of Britain.
?Food may be served in one of several ways: \family style,\another around the dining table; \buffet style,\with guests serving themselves at the buffet; and \serving style,\everyone at their table has been served before they begin to eat. Food is eaten with a knife and fork and dessert with a spoon and fork. Afternoon Tea, High Tea
?AFTERNOON TEA (The traditional 4 o'clock tea)
This is a small meal, not a drink. Traditionally it consists of Tea (or coffee) served with either of the following:
?Scones(烤饼,斯康)
?Freshly baked scones served with cream and jam (Known as a cream tea)
?Afternoon tea sandwiches often thinly sliced cucumber, sandwiches with the crusts cut off. ?Assorted pastries(油酥点心各式烘烤糕点)
?Now most ordinary British families do not have time for afternoon tea at home, but in the past it was a tradition. It became popular about one hundred and fifty years ago, when rich ladies invited their friends to their houses for an afternoon cup of tea. They started offering their visitors sandwiches and cakes too. Soon everyone was enjoying Afternoon tea.
?HIGH TEA (The traditional 6 o'clock tea)
The British working population did not have afternoon tea. They had a meal about midday, and a meal after work, between five and seven o'clock. This meal was called 'high tea' or just 'tea'.
?Traditionally eaten early evening, High tea was a substantial meal that combined delicious sweet
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foods, such as scones, cakes, buns(小圆面包) or tea breads, with tempting savouries(餐前开胃菜,餐后消化菜), such as cheese on toast, toasted crumpets(靠面饼), cold meats and pickles(腌菜泡菜) or poached eggs(水煮荷包蛋) on toast. This meal is now often replaced with a supper due to people eating their main meal in the evenings rather than at midday.
Same Body Language in Two Cultures but with Different Meanings
Different Body Language, Same Meaning
Body Language and Meaning in One Culture; No Equivalent Other Culture(1)
Body Language and Meaning in One Culture; No Equivalent in Other Culture(2)
Questions for lecture IX
1.What do you know about the English jury system and common law? 2.What is the historical significance of the Great Charter?
3.What do you know about the cause and effect of the Hundred Years? War? 4.What was the effect of the Wars of Roses? Lecture IX. English History
?Britain has a long history, so long as more than two thousand years, which has resulted in the
nation?s own unique historical culture, eg. the typical constitutional monarchy, many ancient buildings, social gentrification, etc. but how these legacies, these social phenomena have been evolved? As we mentioned before, Why does the nation retain the monarchy or why the national people support/esteem and even love their monarch (queen/king) since the monarch reigns but not rule? It has, to some extent, been a kind of puzzle/guesswork to us. A short history of early feudalism
?1066----1087,William I (the Conqueror) ?1087----1100, William II (Rufus) ?1100----1135, Henry I
?Twenty-year war between Matilda and her father, Stephen ?1154----1199, Henry II ?1199----1216 King John ?1216----
?Henry III……Edward I
?Edward II, Edward III, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI,
King John
Ten years after Henry II's death, his third and youngest son John became king( 1199~1216 ). John was said to have been the worst of English kings. He had a bad reputation for his treachery and misbehaviour. He ganged up with careerists against his father. He tried to replace his brother Richard I who was fighting for the Holy Land in the Middle East. He greedily collected money for himself. He became more reckless after he mounted the throne. Within six years of his reign, King John lost all his Confnental fief except a tiny spot in France.
?Many English people believe that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John. He
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