him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history.
19. Industrial Revolution: The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
The Industrial Revolution forever transformed the way people live and work in most parts of the world. It changed the world so much that people called it a revolution.
Typical inventions during the Industrial Revolution:
John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733;
James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766; Richard Arkwright’s water frame in 1769; Edmund Cartwright’s power looms in 1784; James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.
20. The Chartist Movement: Chartism was one
of the major popular reform movements of the Victorian era. The Chartists sponsored a People’s Charter demanding suffrage for all male citizens over age 21, a secret ballot, and other rights. Chartist leaders are shown here addressing a large crowd in 1848. Most of their demands eventually became law. The Reform Bill of 1832 was the first
successful attempt to correct these inequities. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People’s Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: 1)the vote for all adult males; 2)voting by secret ballot; 3)equal electoral districts; 4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament; 5)payment of members of Parliament; 6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June. Key to Chapter 11
Political System & National Economy of UK ◆Key to Section Exercises A．Political System I. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T II. 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B III. 1０． 1)-e 2)-a 3)-d B．National Economy I. 1.T 2.F 3.T
II. 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.A III. 1０． 1)-ｂ 2)- d 3)- e ◆Key to Chapter Exercises
I．1. The British were the first in the world to enter the Industrial Revolution. 2. The main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside, and Northern Ireland.
3. An industrial complex in suburban Glasgow dubbed \is the center of Scotland’s thriving technology industry. 4. Historically, the financial services industry has been based in the city of London in an area called the Square Mile.
5. The Bank of England, chartered in 1694, was nationalized in 1946 and is the only bank that issues banknotes in England and Wales. 6. The predecessor of the English parliament is the Great council.
7. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain.
8. In the UK, the party which wins the second largest number of seats in the House becomes the Opposition, with is one leader, and forms a Shadow cabinet.
9. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.
10. In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the second number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition. II．
11. Constitutional monarchy：Constitutional monarchy means that the power of the monarch is limited by the country’s constitution, the legal authority is given to Parliament, and the executive authority to the
government. Theoretically, the Queen has the power， but in reality , she has no power at all. The Sovereign reigns, but does not rule; the country is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her Majesty’s Government, who is responsible to the Parliament.
12. Primogeniture: Primogeniture refers to the passing of the throne to the eldest son when a monarch dies, has been the rule of succession, and when there are no sons, the eldest daughter ascends the throne. 13. First past the post:
The current voting system in UK is called “first past the post.” This means that the party and candidates receiving the most votes win the election and become the party in power even if they do not receive more than 50 percent of the vote.
14. The Conservative Party and the Labor Party: The Conservative Party developed out of the Tory Party(托利党). It supports private