汉英翻译技巧教案

2019-03-09 12:04

浙江师范大学 外国语学院

课程大纲及教案

Teaching Plan for Translation (2)

Lecture One: Basic differences between Chinese and English. Week 1

◇Time Needed:Two periods(40 minutes per period) ◇Teaching Objectives:

I. Introduce to students some basic differences between Chinese and English.

II. Acquaint students with the idea that knowledge about the differences between languages is important in translating.

◇Key Teaching Points:

I. Syntactic differences ◇Difficult Teaching Points:

I. Static vs.Dynamic. II. Complex vs. Simplex. III. Compact vs.Diffusive. ◇Teaching Contents:

I. Contrastive study of Chinese and English. 1. Type

汉语是分析型(analytic)语言,其典型特征是没有屈折变化(inflection),即汉语的名词不会改变自身的形式(form)变为复数,动词也不用改变自身的形式表示过去时、现在时或将来时;汉语的词没有阳性和阴性的变化,汉语中也没有表阳性和阴性的词缀。汉语词语组合成句依靠词序(word order)和虚词(empty word)。如:“鸟儿飞出了笼子。”是按正常词序组成的正确句子,若颠倒“鸟儿”和“笼子”的位置成为“笼子飞出了鸟儿”,该句则成了病句;然若加上“里”字,“笼子里飞出了鸟儿”,句子便又恢复正常,突出了鸟儿是从笼子里飞出来的信息。

汉语还被认为是粘着型(agglutinative)语言,词的组合依靠词素的粘着。如光(+明)一光明(+正大)一光明正大;打(+击)一打击一(+犯罪+分子)一打击犯罪分子。

英语是分析型和综合型(synthetic)语言。其分析型特征也体现在词序和助词(auxiliary)

《翻译》(2)课程大纲及教案

的组句功能上。如:“He works well.”是正确句子,不能颠倒词序将其变为“Works he

well”,但可以改变词序变为“Well he works.”以突出“well”。又如:“Does he work hard?”一定得将does置于句首成为一般疑问句,若改变词序使其为“He does work hard.”则改变了该句的功能,变为陈述句,强调“work hard”。

英语又属综合型语言是因为它有丰富的屈折变化形式。如:table(桌子)/tables(几张桌子),run(跑)/ran(跑,过去时)/run(跑,过去分词),the boy’s(’s表示所属关系),“She sings(一s表示现在时单数第三人称)。

汉语属汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan Family),英语属印欧语系(Indo-European Family),汉语是世界上最古老语言之一,英语是世界上使用最广的语言之一。在本节中,我们将从文字、词法、句法、篇章等方面对汉语和英语进行对比学习。

2. ligusitic system

文字(script),也称书面语言(system of writing),是语言的有形记录,它的出现往往晚于所记录的语言。

人类历史上有四种最古老的表意文字,它们是古埃及的圣体字,古苏美尔人的楔形文字,中美洲玛雅人的文字和古汉字。除了汉字至今保持着旺盛的生命力,其余的三种文字都已湮没在历史的长河中。

古汉字是一种用符号表示思想或概念的表意文字(ideographic script),因为它主要是象形字。随着指事字、会意字和形声字的出现,且数目不断增多,汉字已不能简单地视为表意文字,而应该视为有表意倾向的音节文字(ideographic-oriented syllabic script)。汉字一字一音,一字既可代表语素,又可代表音节。汉字是多功能的,它是字(character),即构成文字的基本单位;有些汉字又是词(word),如:句、书、打、走等;有些汉字既可作词单独使用,也可略变写法作偏旁部首(radical)使用,如金、木、日、米等;少数汉字只能作为语素(morpheme)与其他汉字组合成词语,如菩、乒、忐等。

英语是拼音文字(alphabetic Script)。英语有26个字母,组合构成词。所以,英文字母绝大多数都不能像汉字那样可以单独使用。

3. Phonetic system

汉语的音素(phoneme)分为韵母(final)和声母(initial)两大类。英语的音素分为元音(Vowel)和辅音(consonant)两大类。汉语音节一般由一个韵母和一个声母构成,英语音节的构成比汉语复杂得多,一个元音可与一个或两个辅音甚至三个或四个辅音(辅音连缀)构成音节。

汉语是声调语言(tonal language)。每个汉字都有四声:阴、阳、上、去。声调不仅是汉语的重要语音表达手段,还能帮助辨义。汉语的单音节只有一个重读音节(stressed syllable),双音节词可能两个音节都重读,也司能只有一个音节重读。重读音节不同,意义也就不同。例如:“大意”若读成dayi,其意为“主要的意思”(main idea),若读成da·yi,则表示“疏忽,不注意”(careless)。当然,在翻译中,我们主要依靠上下文,依靠所译词与语篇内外其他词的关系来确定词义。

“英语是语调语言(intonation language)。语调的单位一般是句群或小句,调核一般在语句的末尾。语调既有语法作用,能分开陈述句、疑问句或反意问句,也有独特的表意作用,具有很强的表情功能,不同的语调可以表示不同的态度、口气和思想感情。此外,语调还赋予英语一种旋律美,难怪有的语音学家形象地将语调比做英语的灵魂。”

英语的单词没有声调,但有重音,而且重音的排列有规律。

英语的句子也有重音。一般情况下,实词(content words)重读,虚词(formwords)不

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《翻译》(2)课程大纲及教案

重读。

4 syntactic

①Synthetic vs.Analytic

English is a synthetic language marked with inflexions(曲折变化形式),while Chinese is an analytic language without any inflection,which is usuallv implied in the context or explicitly shown in such words as“着、了、过”etc.For example:

During the wartime,years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children. 战争期间碰到这样的年景,很多人肯定会死去,很多人会逃荒要饭,很多人会被迫卖儿卖女。

Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. 由于受到这样的鼓励,他们为第二年制订了一个更大胆的计划。

②Compact vs.Diffusive

English sentences are compact tightly combined with connectives or prepositions,while Chinese is diffused,that is,loose in structure.

Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part,thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer. 现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分,使计算机的体积大大缩小,从而产生了新一代的便携式微型计算机。

A notion has taken hold in the US to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them. 在美国有一个根深蒂固的观点,说是只有对那些抚养得起子女的人,才应鼓励其生育。

③Hypotactic vs.Paratactic

In English.clauses or phrases are coordinated with or subordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese theY are placed one after another without coordinating connectives.

The many c010rs Of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。

He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。

④Complex vs. Simplex

English sentences are long and complex,while Chinese sentences are short and simple.For example:

Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quality of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement,or,more often,because the physical properties of the synthetic substance.which is the common name for man.made materials,have been chosen.and even emphasized,so that it would be Of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied. 人造材料通称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料,这或者是由于天然物产的数量不能满足日益增长的需要,或者是由于人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此,合成

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《翻译》(2)课程大纲及教案

材料在其应用领域将具有极大的用途。

⑤Impersonal vs.Personal

There are more impersonal structures in English than in Chinese,as shown in the following examples:

·What has happened to you? 你出了什么事儿啦?

·Anl idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到一个主意。

·A strange peace canle over her when she was alone. 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。

·Not a sound reached our ears. 我们没有听到任何声音。 ·A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。

·The truth finally dawned on her. 她最终明白了真相。

⑥ Passive vs.Active

As we have mentioned in the previous units,the passive voice is extensively used in English,while Chinese sentences are usually active.

A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home. 几年前人们还以为,观众居然能够打电话要求在自己家里的电视屏幕上播出节目是一种稀罕的事情。

⑦ Static vs.Dynamic English is static,with agent nouns being frequently used to replace verbs,while Chinese is dynamic,with more verbs being used in a single sentence.

·He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃又能睡。

·You must be a very bad learner;or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. 你一定很不善于学习,要不然就是教你的人很不会教。

⑧ Abstract vs.Concrete

In expressing the same idea English seems more abstract while Chinese,more concrete. ·The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. 没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。

·A high degree of carelessness,pre-operative and post-operative,on the part of some of the hospital staff,took place. 医院某些医护人员在手术前后都非常粗心。

⑨ Indirect VS.Direct

Some English sentences seem to be indirect in affirmation while Chinese Sentences are straightforward.

·I couldn’t feel beRer. 我觉得身体好极了。

·I couldn’t agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。 ·He can’t see you quick enough. 他很想尽快和你见面。

·If you have a car,you are independent oftrains and buses. 如果你有小汽车,就不用去坐火车或挤公共汽车。

⑩ Substitutive VS.Repe titive

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《翻译》(2)课程大纲及教案

Generally speaking,there are not use so many repetitions in English as in Chinese.

·You should help her since you have promised to do SO. 你既然答应了要帮助她就应当帮助她。

·He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life,risen above it,and despised it in others. 他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败。

II. Discussion

1.馆:

博物馆、图书馆、旅馆、宾馆、大使馆、领事馆、茶馆、饭馆、理发馆、体育馆、展览馆、文化馆、美术馆、科技馆、天文馆、照相馆??

2.酒:

葡萄酒、白酒、烈酒、啤酒、香槟酒、鸡尾酒、白兰地酒、威士忌酒、杜松子酒?? 3.笔:

钢笔、铅笔、圆珠笔、蜡笔、粉笔、毛笔、画笔、电笔?? 4.好:

a.他是祖国的好儿子。 b.庄稼长得真好。 c.他们对我真好。 d.楼的质量不好。 e.这个问题很好回答。 f.啊,好票 5.学习: a.学习知识 b.学习技术 C.学习外语 d.学习成绩

e.学习别人的长处 f.互相学习

g.以雷锋为学习的榜样

1.museum,library,hotel,guest house,embassy,consulate,tea house,restaurant,barber’s shop,gymnasium,exhibition hall,cultural center,art gallery,science and technology center,planetarium,photo studio...

2.wine,alcohol,spirits,beer,champagne,cock—tail,brandy,whisky,gin. 3.fountain pen,pencil,ballpoint pen,wax crayon,chalk,writing brush,painting brush,electroprobe...

4.

a.He is a worthy son of our motherland. b.The crops are doing well. C.They are really kind to me. d.The building is not well built. e.This question is easy to answer. f.Oh,a good seat 1 5.

4


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