2.A be similar to B
e.g.His new bike is similar to mine. 3.be different from
e.g.Our life is different from what it was ten years ago. 4.now that
e.g.Now that you’ve grown up,you must stop this childish behaviour.
(Explain the notes to students and write the following on the blackboard:sb. be said to be;A be similar to B;be different from;now that.) ?Step Ⅳ Listening and Reading Aloud
T:Now,let’s listen to the tape carefully.You can read after it when I play it the second time.Pay more attention to your stress.Are you ready? Ss:Yes.
T:OK.Let’s begin.
(Play the tape twice for students to listen and repeat.After listening to the tape,students are allowed to read the passage aloud for a while.At last,ask some of them to read the text.One student,one paragraph.) ?Step ⅤWriting
T:Just now,we’ve talked about computers.Most of you have a desktop computer at home.(Stick a picture of a desktop computer on the blackboard.)And as you can see,I’m using a laptop computer.(Stick a picture of laptop computer on the blackboard.)These are the most popular computers that we can find.But have you heard that a new type of computer—the palmtop computer,has been invented? Ss:No.
T:It doesn’t matter.(Stick a picture of a palmtop computer on the blackboard.)Look at the
picture.This is a palmtop computer.We know from the picture that a palmtop computer is a kind of computer that we can put on our palm.It’s very small,light and convenient to carry about.Do you like it?
Ss:Yes,I wish I could have one.
T:Certainly you’ll have one someday in the future.From these three pictures we know that computers are getting smaller and smaller.They’re becoming more and more convenient to be carried about.Can you guess what the first computer was like? S:I guess it must have been a very big one.
T:You’re quite right.(Stick the picture of the Eniac on the blackboard.)Look,this is the first
computer.It is as big as a house.Maybe you can’t imagine how big it is.But it doesn’t matter.What we need to know is that computers are becoming smaller and smaller,lighter and lighter.What do you think they will look like in the future and how we will use them?Who’d like to tell us your opinion?
S:Let me try.I think computers may look like a watch or a cellphone in the future.They will
become even smaller.We can use them to watch TV,read books,search for information,chat with our friends,check the date and the time,and send information to others.
T:Very good.Now,imagine that you had to describe a computer to someone who lived in the 19th century.How would you explain it?What would you compare it to?You may have a short discussion in groups of three and then write a short description.
(Allow the students a few minutes to discuss and write their compositions.If time limits,allow the
16
students to finish their writing after class.) Sample description:
Have you seen a computer?Let me tell you something about it.A computer is an electric calculating machine that can store and recall information and make calculations at very high speed.It is a wonderful machine and can do most of the things people can do,but it can work millions of times faster.The first large,modern computer was built in 1946,and people needed a large house to put it in.In the last few years there have been great changes in computers.Today they can be used in many fields.People even use it to pay their bills or order what they want.It is said that in the future computers would arrange everything for people,and do almost all kinds of work.That would be a real computer society! ?Step ⅥSummary and Homework
T:Today we’ve read a passage about the scientific metaphors.We’ve talked more about new technology too.In this unit we also learnt how to become more creative by practising good
thinking strategies.They can be used to study English,too.Read the tips on Page 64 carefully and try the ideas in future.They’re helpful for your study of English.Besides,we’ve reviewed the Attributive Clause.After class,you should do more practice by yourselves to master it
better.Finally,have a discussion with your partner to find the answers to the two questions in Checkpoint 18 on Page 64.I’ll check your answers tomorrow.OK.That’s all for today. …
Suggested answers:
1.Rephrase,impossible,crazy,break away from,explore,combine,trial,… 2.Convenient,environmentally,friendly,automatically,… ?Step Ⅶ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Unit 18 Inventions The Fourth Period Language Points: sb. be said to be… be different from A be similar to B now that Computers: The Fifth Period
The Attributive Clause Teaching Aims:
1.Revise the Attributive Clause,including the Restrictive Attributive Clause and the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause.
2.Revise the use of relative pronouns and relative adverbs. 3.Expand the knowledge of the Attributive Clause. Teaching Important Point:
The usage of the relative pronouns and adverbs. Teaching Difficult Point:
Help the students to master the way of choosing a relative pronoun or a relative adverb correctly.
17
Teaching Methods:
review,explanation,inductive methods Teaching Aids: 1.the blackboard 2.the multimedia Teaching Procedures: ?Step ⅠGreetings
Greet the whole class as usual. ?Step Ⅱ Revision and Lead-in
(Teacher checks the homework exercises first and then shows the following on the screen.) 1.He is a famous scientist. 2.Who’s that girl in red?
3.I’ve read all the books that you lent me. 4.I have lost my pen,which I like very much.
T:That’s all for the homework.Now please look at the sentences on the screen.Pay special attention to the underlined parts.Is there anything in common between them?
Ss:Yes.They all identify the nouns,which are used with them.Each part tells us which thing or person the speaker is talking about.
T:That is to say,the function of each underlined part is the same.Each of them is used as an attribute to describe each noun.Well,are there any differences between them?
S1:Yes.In the first sentence,the attribute is an adjective and put before the noun;the second is a prepositional phrase put after the noun;the third and fourth sentences are full sentences put after the nouns.
T:You are right,what do we call the sentences put after the noun? Ss:The Attributive Clause.
T:Quite right.In a complex sentence,the clause modifying a noun or a pronoun in the main clause is called an Attributive Clause.The noun or pronoun is called Antecedent.The word that/which introduces the clause(between the noun/pronoun and the clause)is called Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb.The relative pronouns or adverbs do two jobs at once.They can be used as subjects,objects,attributes or adverbials in the clause;at the same time,they join clauses together.About the use of them,we’ll have particular revision after a while.Now look at the sentences on the screen.
(Teacher shows the following on the screen.) Complete the sentences with suitable relatives. 1.I know the reason__________he came late.
2.Do you know the woman,__________son went to college last year? 3.The house__________colour is red is John’s. 4.This is the best film__________I’ve ever seen. 5.That is the town__________he worked in 1987.
T:Who’d like to tell me what should be filled in the first sentence?
S2:I think“why”should be filled.Because the antecedent is“the reason”and the relative is used as the adverbial of reason in the Attributive Clause. T:Yes.How about the second sentence?
(Teacher goes to another student and asks her/him to answer.)
18
S3:I fill“whose”here.Because the antecedent is “the woman”and the relative is used as the attribute in the Attributive Clause.
T:Right.Sit down,please.Now let’s look at the third sentence. Suggested answers: 3.whose 4.that 5.where
?Step Ⅲ Summarizethe Use of the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause
T:The Non-restrictive Attributive Clause is a clause which gives extra information to the antecedent.So we use a comma to interrupt the sentence.When the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause is cut off,the sentence still has a full meaning.Now look at the sentences on the screen. (Show the following on the screen.)
1.I have two brothers,who are both soldiers.
2.Next week,which you’ll spend in your hometown,is coming. 3.I’ve tried two pairs of shoes,neither of which fits me well.
T:Pay attention to the underlined parts.There are commas to interrupt the sentences and “that”can not be used in the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause.You should pay more attention to the structure“Indefinite Pronoun/Numbers/Noun/Superlative+of which/whom”is often used in the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause.
?Step Ⅳ The Usage of the Relative Pronouns and the Relative Adverbs
T:As we know,relative pronouns or adverbs paly important parts in the Attributive Clause.Now let’s make a list of them on the blackboard first and then revise their usage with the help of the forms on the screen.
(Bb:the relative pronouns:who,whom,that,whose,which;the relative adverbs: when, where, why) (Teacher collects them first and then shows the following.) Form 1:
the relative pronouns referring to function in the clause who people subject/object whom people object
that people/thing subject/object which thing subject/object
whose people/thing(of whom/which) attribute Form 2:
the relative adverb referring to function in the clause when(=at/in/on which) time adverbial of time where(=in/at which) place adverbial of place why(=for which) reason adverbial of reason
(Teacher explains the two forms separately and adds the following with examples on the screen.) T:1.When a relative pronoun is used as a subject in the clause,the verb must agree with the antecedent in person and number.
e.g.1.Those who want to go to the cinema must be at the school gate by 3:30 p.m. He who doesn’t reach the Great wall is not a true man.
2.When the antecedent is the structure of “one of +n.(pl.)”,the verb in the clause must be
plural,agrees with the plural form.However,if there is “the”or“only”before“one”,the verb in the clause must be singular,agrees with the word“one”.
e.g.2.She is the only one of the girls who has been to Beijing.
19
He is one of the boys who have seen the film.
3.When the antecedent is a noun for time or place “when”or“where”is not always used to introduce the clause.It depends on the function of the relative word in the clause. e.g.3.The time when/that I went to Tokyo is in 1982. I’ll never forget the time which/that I spent at college. The shop which I bought is big.
The shop where/in which I bought the book is big.
?Step Ⅴ The Difference Between “that”and “which”
T:As we know,both“that”and “which”can be used for things,but,the use of them are not always the same.Let’s look at the sentences on the screen. (Show the following on the screen.)
1.This is the second article that I have written in English. 2.It is the best film that he has ever seen. 3.This is the very book that I want to read. 4. All that they told me surprised me.
5.They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited. 6. Who is the comrade that was there?
7.There is a bed in the room that is still vacant.
8.Our village is no longer the place that it used to be.
T:From the sentences on the screen,we can make a summary of the use of“that” and “which”.Look at the screen again.
(Show the following on the screen.) 1.In following cases,“that”is often used. (1)After ordinal number and superlatives.
(2)After the following words:all, only, little, few, much, very, none, last, just, any(thing), every(thing), some(thing),no(thing).
(3)After two or more antecedents,referring to both people and things. (4)After interrogative pronouns“which”or “who”.
(5)When the relative pronoun is used as a predictive in the clause. (6)When the main clause begins with “There be”. 2.In following cases,“which”is always used. (1)After prepositions.
(2)To introduce a Non-restrictive Attributive Clause.
(3)The whole main sentence is the “antecedant”of the relative clause,and there is always a comma. ?Step Ⅵ Practice T:Now let’s do some exercises.Look at the screen.Fill in the blanks,choosing proper relative pronouns or relative adverbs. (Show the following on the screen.)
1.Tell me the reason for__________you were late for class. 2.Who is the girl__________is speaking there?
3.This is Mr Smith,__________has some thing interesting to tell you. 4.The computer__________CPU doesn’t work has to be repaired. 5.This kind of computer,__________is well-known,is out of date.
6.This is just the place__________I’ve been longing to visit for years.
20