The composition of the early universe was quite different from that of today ,and the physics that governed the early universe were also somewhat simpler. Dr. Naoki Yoshida and colleagues in Japan and the U.S. incorporated these conditions of the early universe, sometimes referred to as the “cosmic dark ages,” to simulate the formation of an astronomical object that would eventually shine its light into this darkness.
The result is a detailed description of the formation of a protostar (原恒星) – the early stage of a massive primordial (原始
的) star of our universe – and the researchers’ computer simulation sets the bar for further investigation into the star formation process. The question of how the first stars evolved is so important because their formations and eventual explosions provided the seeds for subsequent stars to come into being.
According to their simulation, gravity acted on minute density variations in matter, gases, and the mysterious “dark matter” of the universe after the Big Bang in order to form this early stage of a star __ a protostar with a mass of just one percent of our sun. The simulation reveals how pre-stellar (前恒星的) gases would have actually evolved under the simpler physics of the early universe to form this protostar. Dr. Yoshida’s simulation also shows that the protostar would likely evolve into a massive star capable of synthesizing (合
成) heavy elements, not just in later generations of stars, but soon after the Big Bang.
Their simulation of the birth of a protostar in the early universe signifies a key step toward the ambitious goal of piecing together the formation of an entire primordial star and of predicting the mass and properties of these first stars of the universe. More powerful computers, more physical data, and an even larger range will be needed for further calculations and simulations, but these researchers hope to eventually extend this simulation to the point of nuclear reaction initiation – when a stellar (星球的) object becomes a true star. 31．According to the first two paragraphs，
compared with the universe of today, the early universe
A．got fewer stars shinning in it
B．was composed in a way similar to that of today C．started over 13 billion years ago D．was governed by simpler physics
32．What does the state-of-the-art computer simulation tell us about?
A．How “cosmic dark ages” came into existence. B．How the Bit Bang took place about 13 billion years ago. C．How the first stars came into being after the Big Bang．
D．How dust grains and gases were formed after the Big Bang．
33．The phrase “an astronomical object” in paragraph 2 refers to A．a protostar. B．dust and gas． C．the early universe． D．cosmic dark ages．
34．According to paragraph 4，which of the following is NOT true about a protostar?
A．It evolved from pre-stellar gases．
B．It had a mass of one percent of the sun．
C．It developed into a massive star during the Big Bang．
D．It was able to integrate heavy elements when evolving into a massive star． 35．According to the last paragraph，
all of the following are goals of the simulation project EXCEPT
A．to know more about the mass and properties of the first stars of the universe B．to simulate the process of how the early universe began
C．to apply the simulation to the study of nuclear reaction initiation D．to discover the truth about the formation of a protostar 第二篇
The Iceman
On a September day in 1991，
two Germans were climbing the mountain between Austria and Italy．High up on a mountain pass，they found the body of a man lying on the ice．At that height (10，499 feet，or 3，200 meters)，the ice is usually permanent，
but 1991 had been an especially warm year．The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface．
It was lying face downward．The skeleton(骨
架)was in perfect condition except a wound on the head．remains of some clothes．The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots．Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark (树皮)and a holder for arrows．
Who was the man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questions．Some people thought that it was from this century，perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I，
since several soldiers had already been found in this area．A Swiss woman who believed it might be her father，
who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found．The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older，maybe even a thousand years old．
With modem dating techniques，the scientists soon learned that the iceman was about 5，300 years old．Born in about 3300 B．C．，
he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe．At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains．More recent evidence，however，
tells a different story．A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder．It left only a tiny hole in his skin，
but it caused internal damage and bleeding．He almost certainly died from this wound，
and not from the wound oil the back of his head．This means that he was probably in some kind of battle．It may have been part of a large war，
or he may have been fighting bandits．He may even have been a bandit himself． By studying his clothes and tools，
scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman about the times he lived in．we may
never know the full story of how he died，
but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times．
36．The body of the iceman was found in the mountains mainly because_________． A．he was lying on the ice
B．two Germans were climbing mountains C．the melted ice made him visible D．he was just on a mountain pass
37．What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A．The iceman was killed while working．
B．The iceman could have died from the wound in the head． C．The iceman lived a poor life．
D．The iceman was struck dead from behind．
38．All the following are assumptions once made about iceman EXCEPT_____________． A．he was a soldier in World War I B．he came from Italy
C．he was a Swiss woman's long-lost father D．He was born about a thousand years ago
39．The scientists made the deduction that the iceman_________． A．was hit in the shoulder by an arrowhead B．was probably in some kind of a battle C．had got a wound on the back of his head
D．has a tiny hole in his skin causing his death．
40．The word \． A．robbers B．soldiers C hunters D．shooters 第三篇
Scientists Make Sweet Discovering
Good news for chocoholics：
the treat preferred by millions all over the world is good for you， according to American researchers at the University of California．Chocolate contains substances called flavonoids （类黄酮） that can help maintain a healthy heart and good circulation．The researchers have discovered that cocoa acts like aspirin and that eating a bar of chocolate has also been shown to release endorphins in the body：these chemicals help to reduce pain and stress and make you feel happy.
But who first discovered this wonderful way of keeping healthy? Thy Olmec Indians of Mexico and Central America were the first to grow cocoa beans, in about 1500 BC, and the Mayas were drinking unsweetened cocoa hundreds of years before it became fashionable in Europe. The word chocolate comes from the Nahuatl word xocolati, which means “bitter water” In 1544，
a delegation of Mayan nobles visited Philip of Spain and gave him jars of cocoa as a gift．Cocoa soon became fashionable in Spain and Portugal．The Spanish were the first to add sugar to their c
ocoa drink．In the 17 century, chocolate was becoming fashionable with the middle-classes, not only as a drink but also as a medicine.
By the middle of the century，solid chocolate was becoming familiar．In 1765，James Baker and John Hanan opened the first chocolate mill in the United States，introducing chocolate to the average citizen．In 1896，in Switzerland，
Daniel Peter had the idea of adding milk in the chocolate-making process and produced the first milk chocolate． Since then，
chocolate has grown enormously in popularity．One of the biggest chocolate-eating nations is Britain where the average man，women，and child eats nine kilos of chocolate a year．In fact，chocolate is the number one comfort food and there are more chocoholics in Britain than anywhere else in the world．Researchers warn that although chocolate is good for you，it should be eaten in small quantities -- and with no added milk． 41．Why is chocolate good for heart and circulation? A．It reduces pain and stress．
B．It contains substances called flavonoids． C．It releases endorphins in human body． D．It acts like aspirin to protect heart．
42．When cocoa was first introduced to Europe_________，it soon became fashionable． A．as a drink B．as a gift C．as food
D．as a medicine
43．What did James Bakers and John Hanan do about chocolate? A．They produce the first mild chocolate． B．They introduce chocolate to Europe． C．They add sugar to make chocolate bars．
D. They make chocolate accessible to average man．
44．Which is the following statement is not true according to the passage? A．Chocolate contains substances that make people feel happy． B．Chocolate is good for health if it is eaten with added milk． C．Eating chocolate occasionally contributes to a healthy diet． D．Chocolate is loved by millions of people worldwide． 45．What is the author's tone about eating chocolates? A．Ambiguous B．Negative C．Positive D．Humorous
第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
I Just Know How You Feel
Do you feel sad? Happy? Frustrated? Insouciant? Exonerated? Infuriated? Do you think that the w
th
ay you display these emotions is unique? Well，
think again．Even the expression of the most personal feelings Can be classified, according to Mind Reading, a DVD displaying every possible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel: the fist visual dictionary of the human heart．
Attempt to classify the human heart began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emotions into six types – anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. ________(46)．Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwin’s small group. More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to worldwide. ___________(47)The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions．
The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism (孤独
症) who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors and teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an “emotion”. (48) Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from “afraid” to “wanting”.
Once these emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. (49) The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but we instantly recognize one when we see it on someone’s face. “It was really clear when the actors had got it right.” Says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD. “Although they were given some direction,” says Ms Collis, “the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. (50)” For example, when someone feels contempt, you can’t say for certain that their eyebrows always go down.
Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekamn, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called “action units ” . These can be combined into more than 10,000 visible facial shapes. Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion.
A．We thought of trying to describe each emotion but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules for this
B．These particular muscles are difficult to control，and few people can do it．
C．Research has also been done to find out which areas of the brain read the emotional expressions．
D．They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by \ sounds\．
E．He said that the expression of theses feelings was universal and recognizable by anyone，from any culture．