A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 9.Ex-student, foretell and post-election contain________.
A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. locative prefixes 10. Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______
A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 11. The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.
A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size
C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes
12. The prefixes in words anti-government , prostudent and contraflow are _____-.
A. prefixes of degree or size B. prefixes of orientation and attitude C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 13. Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.
A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 14. The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.
A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes 15. The suffixes in words heighten, symbolize are ________.
A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.
17.Compounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.
18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.
20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.
A B
21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes ( ) A. priceless 22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward 23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.) ( ) C. engineer 24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action, etc) （ ） D. darken 25. De-adjective noun suffixes （ ） Ｅ violinist 26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness 27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable 28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent 29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood 30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survival IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy
and write the full terms.
31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( ) 36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )
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V. Define the following terms .
41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixation VI. Answer the following questions with examples.
46. What are the characteristics of compounds ? 47. What are the main types of blendings ? 48. What are the main types of compounds ? VII. Analyze and comment on the following:
49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation. (1) donate ----donation emote----emotion (2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar
(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter (4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy
50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words. (1) I‘m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.
(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed. (5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers. Key to exercises :
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.B
II. 16. derivation 17.composition, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clipping III. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.D IV.31. Front clipping, earthquake
32. Back clipping, stereophonic
33.Front and back clipping, influenza 34.Phrase clipping, public house 35. Initialisms, care of
36. Acronyms, Victory Day 37. Initialisms, tuberculosis 38. Back clipping, discotheque 39. Front clipping, helicopter
40. Phrase clipping, permanent waves V-VI. (See the course book)
VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.
(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others (4) From adjectives
50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun (4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verb Chapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1. A word is the combination of form and ________.
A. spelling B. writing C. meaning D. denoting
2. _______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. A. Reference B. Concept C. Sense D. Context 3. Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.
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A. outside B. with C. beyond D. inside 4. Most English words can be said to be ________.
A. non-motivated B. motivated C. connected D. related 5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.
A. morphologically B. semantically C. onomatopoeically D. etymologically 6. Hopeless is a ______motivated word.
A. morphologically B. onomatopoeically C. semantically D. etymologically 7. In the sentence ? He is fond of pen ‘ , pen is a ______ motivated word.
A. morphologically B. onomatopoeically C. semantically D. etymologically 8. Walkman is a _______motivated word.
A. onomatopoeically B. morphologically C. semantically D. etymologically
9. Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in
particular.
A. grammatical meaning B. conceptual meaning
C. associative meaning D. arbitrary meaning
10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
A. Stylistic meaning B. Connotative meaning C. Collocative meaning D. Affective meaning 11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker‘s _______towards the person or thing in question. A. feeling .B. liking C. attitude D. understanding 12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas. A. Prepositions B. Interjections C. Exclamations D. Explanations
13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.
A. conceptual meaning B. grammatical meaning C. lexical meaning D. collocative meaning 14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.
A. only one word B. two words C. more than three D. different words 15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.
A. speakers B. listeners C. world D. specific country
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 16. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______
17. Compounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the
morphemes combined.
18. _______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.
19. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of the word
explains the meaning of the word.
20. Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.
A B 21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear 22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny 23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender 24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss
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25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic
26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body) 27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail 28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home
29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug 30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and aword
IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning. 31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( ) 33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( ) 35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( ) 37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( ) 39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )
V. Define the following terms .
41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning
VI. Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short. 46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?
VII. Analyze and comment on the following.
49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong. 50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples. Key to exercises: I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C II. 16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaning III. 21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.C IV. 31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation
33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation 35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning 37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative 39. collocative meaning 40. appreciative
V-VI. See the course book.
VIII. 49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.
(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.
(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation. (4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation. 50. Associative meaning comprises four types:
(1) Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning,
traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ?female parent‘, is often associated with ?love‘, ?care‘, etc..
(2) Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which
make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.
(3) Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker‘s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Words
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that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.
(4) Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words,
it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don‘t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words. Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5) I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.
A. English only B. Chinese only C. all natural languages D. some natural languages
2. From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the
semantic structure of one and same word .
A. linguistic B. diachronic C. synchronic D. traditional
3. _______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary
meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.
A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection
4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.
A. Derivation B. Radiation C. Inflection D. Concatenation
5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______. A. spelling B. pronunciation C. etymology D. usage
6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.
A. Polysemants B. Synonyms C. Antonyms D. Hyponyms 7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______. A. hyponymy B. synonymy C. polysemy D. antonymy
8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/. A. Homophones B. Homographs C. Perfect homonyms D. Antonyms 9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.
A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms 10. The antonyms big and small are ______.
A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms 11. The antonyms husband and wife are ______.
A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms 12. Composition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.
A. absolute synonyms B. relative synonyms C. relative antonyms D. contrary antonyms
13. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in a
conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule. A. homographs B. homophones C. absolute homonyms D. antonyms
14. From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning .
The first meaning is called ______.
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