a pharmaceutical (制药的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (转换) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a small number of
undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”
31. By “a one-way street” in Paragraph One, the author means ________. A. university researchers know little about the commercial world B. there is little exchange between industry and academia C. few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university D. few university professors are willing to do industrial research 32.The underlined word “deterrent” most probably refers to something that ________.
A. keeps someone from taking action B. helps to move the traffic
C. attracts people’s attention D. brings someone a financial burden
33. What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career?
A. Flexible work hours.
B. Her research interests.
C. Her preference for the lifestyle on campus. D. Prospects of academic accomplishments.
34. Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to ________. A. do financially more rewarding work B. raise his status in the academic world C. enrich his experience in medical research D. exploit better intellectual opportunities
35. What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?
A. Increase its graduates’ competitiveness in the job market. B. Develop its students’ potential in research. C. Help it to obtain financial support from industry. D. Gear its research towards practical applications.
C
The government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.
What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust(蝗虫). In recent months, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal seedbed for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create
yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.
All ﹩150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated ﹩3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.
On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.
36. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ______. A. the command post is stationed with people all the time. B. the command post is crowded with people all the time. C. there are clocks around the command post.
D. the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff. 37. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ______. A. rich soil. B. wet land
C. paces covered crops and vegetation D. the Red Sea
38. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ______. A. the insects are likely to create another African famine.
B. the insects may blacken the sky.
C. the number of the insects increases drastically. D. the insects are gathering and moving in great speed. 39. Which of the following is true?
A. Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.
B. Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.
C. Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.
D. Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killing chemicals by the end of June.
40. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ______. A. to devise anti-locust plans. B. to wipe out the swarms in two years.
C. to call out for additional financial aid from other nations. D. to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.
D
There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.
In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the
introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.
An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.
In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every person’s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste（阶级） may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. An inactive society may result.
41. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To outline contrasting types of economic systems. B. To explain the science of economics.
C. To argue for the superiority of one economic system. D. To compare barter and money-exchange markets.
42. In the second paragraph, the underlined word “real” could best be replaced by _______.
A. valuable B. concrete C. absolute D. reliable
43. According to the passage, a barter economy can generate ______. A. rapid speed of transactions B. misunderstandings