被动语态
英文中的两种语态：
主动语态 主语是动作的执行者 I like / love him.
被动语态 主语是动作的承受者 He is loved by me. 结构：
肯定形式 be+done Rice is grown here. 疑问句 be + 主语 + done Is rice grown here? 否定形式 be+not+done Rice is not grown here. 情态动词＋be done
The work must be done.
Now cabbage can be planted in autumn. 用法：
1. 主动语态强调说明动作的执行者。
My grandfather was a builder. He built his house in 1930. 被动语态说明动作的承受者
The house is quite old. It was built in 1930.
A lot of money was stolen in the rubbidy. Is this room cleaned everyday?
The house was built by my grandfather.
The 200 people are employed by the company. 2. 一般现在时的被动语态
Many accidents are caused by driving. How is this word pronounced? 3. 一般过去时的被动语态 No, I wasn't invited.
How much money was stolen？
We were woken up by a loud noise during the night. 4. 现在完成时的被动语态 It has been cleaned.
The president has been shot.
Have you ever been bitten by a dog? I haven't been invited. 5. 过去完成时的被动语态 It had been cleaned.
They had been cooked for too long. The car hadn't been used very much.
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6. 现在进行时的被动语态
The room is being cleaned at the moment. We are being followed. I'm being served. 7. 过去进行时的被动语态
The room was being cleaned. We were being followed.
8. 双宾语的被动语态:
We gave the police the information.
The police were given the information. The information was given to the police.
类似可以加两个宾语的动词有：ask, offer, pay, show, teach, tell I was offered the job but I refused it. You will be given plenty of time.
Have you been shown the new machine.
The man were paid 200 dollars to do the work.
9. get + done
Nobody got hurt.
I don't often get invited. I didn't get offered the job. Our dog got run over by a car. Jill is liked by everybody.
Nothing was known about him.
get的一些词组get married / divorced / dressed / changed
10. 有些动词如cook, print, do等常用主动结构的进行时来表示被动的意思。 The cakes are baking. The lunch is cooking . The book is printing. The fish is selling well.
有些动词如want, need, be worth等后加ing结构表示被动. Who said the boy deserves punishing? The clothes need cleaning.
有些动词如read, write, clean, wash, burn, iron, draw, cook, cut, open, blow, sell, act, keep等，通常用主动结构表示被动意义。 The pen writes smoothly.
In hot weather meat won't keep long. The door can't open.
11. Have sth done 安排某人做某事 Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.
Did Ann make the dress herself or have it made.
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I'm going to have it repaired. Have you had it cut?
I don't like having my photo taken.
How often do you have your car serviced? We are having the house painted.
Juliet has just had cental heating in her hourse. get sth done
When are you going to get the roof repaired? I think you should get your hair cut. Have sth done 意外，不幸遭遇
Jill and Eric had all their money stolen. Georg had his nose broken in the fight. Have you ever had your passport stolen?
情态动词
表示某种感情或者语气
主要有：can, could, may, might, must, need, 等等 can
1.能力be able to No one can do this work. 2.允许 You can go home now. 3.可能 Who can it be? can't
不可能 He can't be only 12. could: 能力 过去时 He said he could swim very well
委婉语气 You could go home now. Could you lend me your car? May
1. 可以
You may take this seat. May I sit here? 2. 可能
He may be busy today. 3. 目的状语
All stand up so that you may see farther. 4. 祝愿
May that day come soon? might
1. 可以作的事或可能发生的事（may的过去时） He said my idea might be a good one.
2. 代替may,表示可以做的时或可能发生的事情，语气更婉转 It might be colder tomorrow.
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She stand up so that she may see farther. Must 1. 必须、应该
否定回答用needn't, don't have to（没必要） Must I come in?
No, you needn't / don't have to.
You mustn't play with the knife. (千万不能) We must keep fit, study hard, and work well. 2. 表示猜测
He must be the new English teacher. It must be Mr. Zhang. 否定回答用can't
Can he be the new English teacher. He can't be the new English teacher. must / have to
在表示必须时，二者是近义词 I must / have to go.
二者区别：must 表示极强的个人色彩；
have to 表示客观事实，不表达个人感情； You must do something. You must meet her.
You have to do something. You have to turn left. I must phone her tonight.
I have to wear glasses for reading. George has to work.
I must get up early tomorrow.
I have to get up early tomorrow. must的过去时用 had to 表示 I had to go to the hospital. Must - mustn't 千万不要 Have to - don't have to 没必要 Need 需要
You needn't buy this book. He needs to buy a dictionary.
He doesn't need to buy a dictionary. Does he need to buy a dictionary? need + doing 表示被动 need repairing 需要被修理 There is no need for her to come. Shall
shall 用于第一，第三人称，表示说话人的意愿，表示命令，警告，威胁，强制等。
You shall do as I say.
Tell him that he shall bring the book tomorrow.
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疑问句中用来shell征询对方的意见 Where shall I wait for you? Where shall we meet? Should
should作为情态动词，是shall的过去时，表示建议，劝告，应该等。 You should learn from good students.
非谓语动词
动词的不定式
五个特征：
1. 没有人称和数的变化 2. 有时态和语态的变化 3. 不能单独做谓语
4. 可以有自己的宾语和状语
5. 在句子中可以做除了谓语的一切成分
肯定形式：to + 动词原型 否定形式：not ＋ to do
基本用法：
1.作主语
To see is to believe. 2.作宾语
He decided to go there with us. 3.作表语
His job is to teach. 4.补语
I asked him to help me. 5 作定语
He has a wish to become a singer. 6 作状语
We hurried to the room only to find none there.
省略 to 的情况
前有do, but, except, beside, such as时，后省to Don't do anything silly such as marry him. Prefer to do sth rather than do sth.
在Why not, Had better, Cannot but , Would rather后一定要加do
动名词
1. 主语
Seeing is believing.
Beating the boy is wrong.
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