environmental studies. Impurities of toxic elements in minerals, rocks, and raw materials can be determined by DTA, TG, CSA-CWA or EGA techniques (S in clays and coals, Cr or Cd in oxides and sulphides etc.). The DTA of the illite or smectite crystallinity shows to be a good controlling measure for barrier clays around waste disposals. The DTA/TG investigation of organo-clay mineral complexes contributes to the estimation of erosion tendencies in agricultural environments.
This
is
discussed
for
several
pesticide-bentonite complexes.
8、Sorption of methyl-parathion and carbaryl by an organo-bentonite（改性膨润土对甲基对硫磷、西维因的吸附作用）
Author: Qing-ru Zeng, Bo-han Liao, Bo Yang, Hong-xiao Tang and
Nan-dong Xue
Journal: Biology and Fertility of Soils 年（卷）期：Volume 42, Number 5, 457-463, DOI: 10.1007/s00374-006-0091-8
Abstract：The modification of bentonite clays by
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) surfactant via
cation-exchange produces materials (“organo-clays”) with an increased capacity for sorbing organic compounds such as pesticides. The sorption from solutions of two nonionic pesticides, methyl-parathion and carbaryl, by an organo-bentonite has been investigated. The pesticides are partitioned into the surfactant. The distribution coefficients, K ss, show a strong dependence on surfactant loading of the bentonite. The surfactant configuration at the clay surface has a marked influence on the effective volume and density of the bound surfactant. At low surfactant loadings, the K ss values increased, reached a maximum, and then decreased as the extent of loading increased. At low loading levels, the surfactant appears to form a monolayer (organic film) that effectively adsorbs the pesticides, resulting in very high K ss values. At high loadings, the sorbed surfactant appears to form a bulk-like medium that behaves essentially as a distribution phase. As a result, the K ss values decreased appreciably, and became less dependent on the CTMAB loading. Moreover, when the surfactant concentration in water was greater than the critical micelle concentration, the surfactant uptake on the clay reaches a plateau and an increasing fraction of the
micelles remain in solution, together with the pesticides which bound to them. The competition for the pesticides between the aqueous micelles and the sorbed surfactant leads to a decrease in distribution coefficients.
9、Removal of molecular weight fractions of COD and phenolic compounds in an integrated treatment of olive oil mill effluents（在一个橄榄油厂对去除COD和酚类化合物的分子量的废水综合处理）
Author: M. Beccari, G. Carucci, A. M. Lanz, M. Majone and M.
Petrangeli Papini Journal: Biodegradation
年（卷）期：Volume 13, Number 6, 401-410, DOI: 10.1023/A:1022818229452
Abstract：Previous works (Beccari et al. 1999b; Beccari
et al. 2001a; Beccari et al. 2001b)on the anaerobic treatment of olive oil mill effluents (OME) have shown: (a) apre-treatment based on the addition of Ca(OH)2 and bentonite was able toremove lipids (i.e. the most inhibiting substances present in OME) almostquantitatively; (b) the mixture OME – Ca(OH)2 – bentonite, fed to amethanogenic
reactor without providing an intermediate phase separation,gave way to high biogas production even at very low dilution ratios; (c) theeffluent from the methanogenic reactor still contained significant concentrationsof residual phenolic compounds (i.e. the most biorecalcitrant substances present inOME). Consequently, this paper was aimed at evaluating the fate of the phenolicfractions with different molecular weights during the sequence of operations(adsorption
on
bentonite,
methanogenic
digestion, activated sludge post-treatment).The results show that a very high percentage (above 80%) of the phenolic fractionbelow 500 D is removed by the methanogenic process whereas the phenolic fractionsabove 1,000 D are significantly adsorbed on bentonite; the 8-day activated sludgepost-treatment allows an additional removal of about 40% of total filtered phenoliccompounds. The complete sequence of treatments was able to remove more than the96% of the phenolic fraction below 500 D (i.e. the most toxic fraction
towards
plantgermination).
Preliminary
respirometric tests show low level of inhibition exerted bythe effluent from the methanogenic reactor on aerobic activated
sludges
taken
fromfull-scale
municipal
wastewater plants.
10、Amendment-Induced Immobilization of Lead in a Lead-Spiked Soil: Evidence from Phytotoxicity Studies（修订诱导固定的尖状土壤：药害的研究证据）
Author: Wouter Geebelen, Jaco Vangronsveld, Domy C. Adriano,
Robert Carleer and Herman Clijsters Journal: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
年（卷）期：Volume 140, Numbers 1-4, 261-277, DOI: 10.1023/A:1020147901365
Abstract：Lead immobilization was evaluated on soils
spiked with increasingconcentrations of Pb (as Pb-acetate) using the following soilamendments: bentonite, zeolite, cyclonic ash, compost, lime,steelshot, and hydroxyapatite. The immobilization efficacy of theamendments was evaluated according to the following criteria:Ca(NO3)2-extractable Pb as an indicator of Pbphytoavailability, morphological and enzymatic parameters of beanplants (Phaseolus vulgaris) as indicator of phytotoxicity, and Pb concentration in edible tissue of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The lowest reductions in Ca(NO3)2-extractablesoil Pb occurred when