助动词 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。 助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如: He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义) 2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已结
b. 表示语态,例如: He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如: Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如: I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气,例如: He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
半助动词 功能介绍 在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间的一类结构,称为半助动
词。常见的半助动词有be about to, be due to, be going to, be likely to, be meant to, be obliged to, be supposed to, be willing to, have to, seem to, be unable to, be unwilling to等。......
情态助动词 情态助动词 1.情态助动词包括will(would), shall(should),
can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better后接原形不定词。 2.情态助动词不受主词的人称和数的限制。 3.两个情态助动词不能连用。 中文:他将能够及时完成此事。 (误)He will can finish it i......
基本助动词 基本助动词 基本助动词只有三个:be, do, have, 他们没有词汇
意义,只有语法作用,如协助构成进行体,完成体,被动态,否定句,疑问句等。 例如 He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。He doesn't smoke.......
短语动词 动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。
例如: Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词) 短语动词的构成基本有下列几种: 1) 动词+副词,如:black out; 2) 动词+介词,如:look into; 3) 动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。
非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 1)不定式 时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done
2)动名词 时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done
3)分词 时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词
一个动词可以在有的场合下及物,有的场合下又不及物。像“kick”这个动词,在“kick the ball”里,“kick”是“及物”动词,“及”什么“物”呢?这里的“物”就是“ball”;但是如果只说“kick”,就是“蹬,跺”,“我跺脚”就只是“I kick”2个词就够了,一个主语一个谓语,我跺脚的动作不涉及宾语,不涉及我跺了什么,就是我跺脚这个动作而已。
这就是一般句子的基本结构,再复杂的长句也只是往这个基本结构里面添加丰富这个基本结构的修饰性的内容了,像定语(修饰名词),状语(修饰形容词和动词)。 以上是最最基本的句子结构了,别的一些像起始句啊倒装句啊强调句啊什么的,还有各种从句,都是在这个基本结构上稍稍变化而来,先把这个句子的基本结构掌握透彻,这些别的问题自然迎刃而解的。 时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,现在完成时和现在完成进行时.
时态一致 1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实,则永远用现在时。
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
时态与时间状语
一般现在时 every ?, sometimes, at+时间, on+时间
一般过去时 yesterday, last+时间, 时间+ago, the other day, in+时间, just now 一般将来时 next+时间, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to
now, in past+时间, already, recently
过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from+时
间 to+时间 last +时间? when, while
将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on+时间, by this time,in+时间,
tomorrow evening, this coming Sunday
一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every?, sometimes, at?, on Sunday, always, every day, usually, seldom
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用现在进行时。
一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3)句型It is time for sb. to do sth \到??时间了\\该??了\ It is time sb. did sth. \时间已迟了\\早该??了\ It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事' I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较: 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去) 注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2)情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bike? used to / be used to
used to + do:\过去常常\表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful.
be used to + doing: 对??已感到习惯,或\习惯于\,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。 He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。 will 在陈述
句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 2) be going +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4) be about +不定式,意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
be going to / will 用于条件句时, be going to 表将来 will 表意愿 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes. 2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3)在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
用现在进行时表示将来 意为:\意图\、\打算\、\安排\、常用于人。常用词
为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I'm leaving tomorrow.