第六讲被动态
“态”(Voice)是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者时，动词用主动态(Active Voice)：如果主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动态(Passive Voice)。例如： The man killed the lion
The lion was killed by the man
6 1被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时 志和语气的不同而变化。被动语态志的各种时态形式见下表
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 am??现在 is??done are??am??is??being?done are??has???been?done have? was?过去 ??done were?was???being?done were?had?been?done shall?将来 ??be?done will? shoud?将来 ??be?done would? 过去
shall???have?been?done will?should? ??have?been?done would?例如：
Electricity is used to run machines (电被用于驱动机器。)
This railway line will have been completed by next October (这条铁路将于十月份以前竣工。)
A big reservoir is being built in my hometown． (我的家乡正在建造一个大水库。)
注意：
(1)被动语态不用于将来进行体和各种完成进行体。 (2)含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“(can, may, must等)+be+过去分词构成。如： This machine must be operated with care这台机器必须小心操作。
(3)含有“be going to”、“ to be”等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going +to be +过去分词”和“be + to be+过去分词”例如：
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting 这个问题将在会上讨论。 The meeting is to be held on the lOth of October 这个会议将于十月十日举行。
6 2被动语态与基本句型
1)英语简单句的五种基本句型, 英语中的简单句概括起来有以下五种结构，也就是说，在英
语中，除了there be句型以外，任何一个简单句的结构必然属于其中的一种。 (1)主+动(S+V) Everybody laughed
The guests have arrived The children are sleeping (2)主+动+宾(SVO) I want a ticket
Nobody could answer the question
(3)主+动+补(SVC)，也叫主+动+表(SVP)，在这 种结构中谓语动词通常是连系动词(Linking Verb) That car is mine
These flowers smell fragrant All the tourists seemed pleased (4)主+动+宾+补(SVOC)
We made him our spokesman They elected him president They painted the walls white
(5)主+动+宾(间接)+宾(直接)(SVOiOd) I sent him a telegram Mary lent me her car David showed me the way 2)能够用于被动语态的句型
被动语态的主语，作为动作的承受者，是由主动语态的宾 语转换而来的。不及物动词，不可跟宾语，‘因此没有被动 语态。在五种基本句型中，能够用与被动语态的有三种． 主+动+宾(SVO) 主+动+宾+补(SVOC)
主+动+宾(间接)+宾(直接)(SVOiOd)
a)主+动+宾(SVO)结构
People grow rice in the south(主动) Rice is grown in the south(被动) b)主+动+宾+补(SVOC)结构
We elected him chairman of the club(主动) He was elected chairman of the club(被动)
The teacher asked the students to write a composition(主动)
The students were asked to write a composition(by the teacher)(被动) Tom painted the door blue(主动)
The door was painted blue by Tom(被动) 注意
(1)当SVOC句型变成被动语态以后，原句中的“宾补”C(Objective Complement)，在被动句中就成了“主补”(Subjective Complement)。这一点务必注意,以正确把握被动语态句子中各个成分之间的关系。
(2)如果主动句中的宾补是不带to的不定式，当句子变成被动语态以后，作为主语补语的不
定式应该加上的，例如：
The manager made his secretary work overtime(主动) The sectary was made to work overtime(被动) c)主+动+宾(间接)+宾(直接)(SVOiOd)
该句型有两种被动语态形式，即：直宾和间宾都可以成为被动句的主语。例如： Father will give her an expensive present(主动)
She will be given an expensive present(被动——间接宾语作主语)
An expensive present will be given to her(by her father)(被动——直接宾语作主语)
6．3 get／become作助动词的被动语态
一般情况下，被动语态的助动词是be。get和become也是英语被动语态中常用的两个助动词与be不同的是，get和become多用于口语中，一般不带by短语，提问和否定的时候要借助于do。get和become用作被动语态助动词的时候，可以有自己的时态，体态形式。从含义方面来说，be动词组成的被动高语态侧重的是动作本身，get强调的是结果，become强调的是过程。另外get有时带有不快或不顺利的含义。例如： The daughter of a friend of mine got married last Sunday How did your foot get hurt?
Our patience is becoming exhausted with their constant annoyances. His name didn't become known to the dancing world until the 1960's.