The Producer Price Index(PPI), also published monthly by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, measure the monthly changes in prices in primary markets in the United States.（生产者价格指数也由美国劳工统计局每月定期公布，可以度量美国初级市场每个月价格的变动。）
The PPI is based on prices for the first transaction of each product in non-retail market. All commodities sold in commercial transaction in these market are represented.（PPI的计算是以每种产品在非零售市场上的初次交易价格为基础。所有这些市场上进行商品交换的商品都被包括在内。）
One of the common uses of the PPI is as a leading indicator of the future trend of consumer prices and the cost of living. An increase in the PPI reflects producer price increases that will eventually be passed on to the consumer through higher retail price.（PPI通常用于反映消费者价格指数和生活消费价格的未来趋势。PPI的增长表明了生产价格的上涨，最终要通过零售价格的上涨传递给消费者。） 5.3.3 Dow Jones average
The Dow Jones average are indexes designed to show price trends and movements on the New York Stock Exchange.（道琼斯股票平均价格指数反映的是纽约股票交易所交易价格的波动和变化趋势。）
The best known of the Dow Jones indexes is the Dow Jones Industrial Average(DJIA), which is based on common stock prices of 30 large companies. （道琼斯股票平均价格指数中最著名的是30种道琼斯工业股票平均价格指数，它是根据30个大公司的普通股票价格计算出来的。）