② Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne?s name in Latin， Carolus. The most interesting facet （一面） of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle （有见解） of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate （吸收） the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 2、Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning：（阿尔伏雷德大帝和威克
萨斯王国）
① He promoted （奖励） translations into the vernacular from Latin works. ② He also inspired （授意） the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
（编年史）
3、St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism：（经院主义，保守主义的雏形）
4、Roger Bacon and Experimental Science：（实用主义）
① Roger Bacon， a monk， was one of the earliest advocates of scientific
research. （最早的支持者）亚里士多德最早提出
② He called for careful observation （观察） and experimentation. His main
work was the Opus maius.
六、How did literature develop in the middle ages？
答：
1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states （民族国家） that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of
national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the
representative works of the National Epics.
2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy：（但丁与神曲）
① His masterpiece， The Divine Comedy， is one of the landmarks of world
literature.
② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed （预示） the
spirit of Renaissance.
③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. （只用意大利
语创作）
3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales：（乔叟与坎特布雷集）
① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.
② Most of the tales are written in verse （诗） which reflects（反映） Chaucer?s innovation （改革） by introducing into the native alliterative verse （压头韵诗）
the French and Italian styles.
③ Chaucer is thus to be ， regarded as （被看作） the first short story teller
and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人
④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle
ages.
七、What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain？（重点☆）
答：
1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states （民族国家） that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of
national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the
representative works of the National Epics.
2、The vernacular （方言） language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq （地方式俗语） language used in the Mississippi area， with a strong characteristic of that region （地区） .Mark twain used vernacular language not
only in dialogue， but also in narration. （叙述） 3、His representative works Life on the Mississippi.