词义猜测题
【题型突破】
词义猜测题有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句意题。因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点/态度等。联系文章主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。 【命题方式】
1.The word/phrase＂…＂in the passage means _________. 2.The word/phrase＂…＂can be best replaced by _________.
3. Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to _________? 4.The word/phrase＂…＂probably refers to _________.
5.What does the underlined word/phrase＂…＂in the passage mean?
词义猜测题要根据词、词组、句子所在的上下文语境来判断其意义，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。熟练以下猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。 猜词方法 定义 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。 依据 猜词方法 指代it，that，this，he，him，them可指上依据 关系 文提到的事、物、人。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对象。 同位阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一同义当词或短语之间有并列连词and，or时，关系 个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，关系 其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或这时可利用同位关系进行猜测。 递进的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，从而推知其大致意思。 构词法 很多词通过添加前缀、后缀等而合成、派生、转化成一个＂新＂转折或对根据上下句的连接词(如but, however, otherwise等)可以看出前后句在意义上 1
词，通过掌握一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。 比关系 的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。 因果根据文章中的原因可以预测结语境 通过上下文语境猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解中最常见的一种解题方法。 关系 果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
Passage1（2017·新课标卷I，D）
体裁 说明文 话题 制作简易太阳能蒸馏器的方法及工作原理 A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇?5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water
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evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph? A. It’s delicate. C. It’s complex. .
B. It’s expensive. D. It’s portable.
33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. The tube. C. The hole.
B. The still.
D. The cup.
34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?
A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place. C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from . A. the plastic tube C. the open air
B. outside the hole
D. beneath the sheet
33.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the
water catcher’s productivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。“接水器”指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。
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34.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet,
securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。
35.D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects
on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。
Passage2（2017·新课标卷II，D）
体裁 说明文 话题 当植物受到攻击时会保护自己并与周围植物交流 When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors,
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relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的)
than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
32. What does a plant do when it is under attack? A. It makes noises.
B. It gets help from other plants. C. It stands quietly
D. It sends out certain chemicals.
33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table. C. The plants get ready to fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can . A. predict natural disasters
B. protect themselves against insects C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary 35.what can we infer from the last paragraph? A. The world is changing faster than ever. B. People have stronger senses than before
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