-Could you lend me your pen? -Yes, I can. 表示许可
表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意:回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。 -Might/Could I borrow your book? -Yes, you may/can. 表示必需、必要
must和have to都有“必须” ,一般情况下可互换。如:You must / have to finish the work.. 但他们有如下区别:
1)must 表示说话人的主观看法;have to 表示客观需要。如: I must have a talk with him.
He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.
2) 否定式mustn’t 表示禁止,意为“不准,不可以做”;don’t have to 意为“不必”。如: You mustn’t hit her.
You don’t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.
注:表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下:
must 表示较有把握的推测,只用于肯定句,不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下: 1)对目前动作的推测,用must+动词原形。如: You must lose in the mountain.
2) 对目前状态的推测,用must + be + 表语。如:You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty. 在肯定句中,表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形,might 比 may
的可能性更小;对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如: The package might come tomorrow. They may have killed the enemies.
3、在疑问句中,对现在表示推测用can (could) …+动词原形,对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) …have+过去分词;在否定句中,对现在表示推测用can’t+动词原形,对过去表示推测用can’t (couldn’t) have+过去分词。如: It can’t be John. He has gone to UK. 4、need的双重身份
need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词,它们的用法不同,如不注意区分,就容易用错。 三)系动词 连词动词的种类
联系动词含有一定意义,它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类,而且有自己的特定用法。 1、按意义联系动词有:be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等,如:Jim appears very old.
2、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如:It smells bad. 3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如: She becomes more beautiful than three years ago. 四)行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词,它们都含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语,意思才能完整。如:
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me. 2、不及物动词
不及物动词意义完整,不需带宾语,但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时,必须先加介词后加宾语。如:
He only worried about his daughter.现在完成时 1) 现在完成时的构成:have / has + v-ing
2)现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和see为例): 主 语 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 肯 定 式 I /We/You/ They have been here before. He/ She has been here before. .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people have seen the film. 否 定 式 I /We/You/ They haven’t been here before. He/ She hasn’t been here before . .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people haven’t seen the film. 疑 问 式 Have you/ they been here before? Has he/ she been here before? Have you/ they/ many people seen the film?
在完成时的用法: 1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如:
She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解) 2、表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
注:在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词,应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如:
He has died for 3 years.(F)
He has been dead for 3 years.(T)
注意:①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如:in 1998, last morning等 ②have/has been to 表示“去过”(去了又回来了) have/has gone to 表示“去过”(去了没回来了) 如:Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在) Where has she been?(句中作指的人在) 6、过去进行时
1)过去进行时的构成: was / were +v-ing 2) 过去进行时的用法:
过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如: This time last year I was living in Brazil. What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? 3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语: