他们根本不在乎。
⑧She was forced to marry the man she didn't love in the least. 她被迫嫁给了她一点都不喜欢的男人。
None和neither也是两个相关的否定词,None相等于not any(用于三个或三个以上),neither相等于not one nor the other(用于两个之间)。(none和neither的用法详见第四章): ①They have tested several samples、but none is of the quality required.
他们检测了几个样子,但没有一种符合所要求的质量。 ②They proposed two solutions, but neither seemed available to us. 他们提出了两个解决办法,但对我们来讲,都不能用。
有的否定词是半否定,即意义上否定而形式上不否定,包括:seldom, rarely,scarcely,hardly,barely, little,few等。它们与常规的否定词的相似之处是它们后跟的是非肯定词而不是肯定词,或肯定句而不是附加否定疑问句,如:
①John found a job in a park because he had little interest in office work.
约翰在公园里找到了一份工作,因为他一点也不喜欢办公室里工作。 ②He is so uneducated that he can scarcely write his name. 他没受过教育,连自己的名字都不会写。
③Rarely have I seen anyone else as honest as my neighbor. 我几乎没有看到比我的邻居还诚实的人了。
④Few changes have ever taken place in the area over the past twenty years.
在过去的近20年里,这个地方几乎没有什么变化。 ⑤She hardly spoke to anyone.
他几乎不和任何人讲话。 ⑥You seldom get any sleep, do you?
你几乎没有睡觉,是吗?
⑦They could-barely read and write, could they?
他们几乎不会读和写,是吗? 否定范围
否定词的否定范围不是每一句都一样的,有时否定整个句子,有时否定句子的一部分。如何来判断否定范围,妻取决于蒽遇,这是英语口语的一个特点。书面英语中不是很明确,只有通过上下文来判断。在下列典型的例句中,否定范围不一样: (1)否定范围通常从否定词到句尾。
①I don’t know him at all. 我根本就不认识他。
②None of his friends came to help him. 他的朋友无一来帮助他。
③I have little doubt that he will win the game. 我有一点怀疑他会赢得这场比赛。
(2)根据语调来判断句尾的状语在或不在否定范围内。因此,he didn't work all the week这句话读法不一样,意思也不一样。 ①He didn't work all theV week.
(=It's not true that he worked all the week.)他没有工作一星期。 ②He didn't work all the/week.
(= For a whole week,he didn't work.)他整个一星期都没工作。 ③She didn't tell me the truth because of V you. (= She told me the truth,but not because of you.) 她不是因为你才告诉我真相的。 ④She didn't' tell me the truth because of/you. (= She refused to tell me the truth on your account.) 她是因为你才不告诉我真相的。
(3)否定范围通常不包括插入语和连接词,即便他们放在句尾。 ①Sure enough,nobody is going to help him.肯定没有人帮助他。
②I don't like him at all,to tell you the truth.对你说实话:我根本不喜欢他。
③However,she doesn't want to leave her husband,无论怎样,她不想离开她的丈夫。 ④He never tried to pull himself together,nevertheless.不过,他从来没有想振作起来。 (4)有时,为形成对比,将中心重音(通常为降调)放在句子的某一个成分,这样,否定的范围(或否定的重点)根据重音的变化而变化。比较下列例句:
①I don't like to go shopping with Mary on/weekends.我不喜欢周末和玛丽逛商店。 (=I don't like it.)我不喜欢这件事。
②I don't like to go shopping with Mary on V weekends.
(= It is on weekends that l don't like to do it.)周末,我不喜欢和她一起逛商店。 ③I don’‘like to go shopping withV Mary on weekends.
(= It is Mary that I don't like to go shopping.with on weekends.) 我不喜欢和玛丽做这件事(其他人可以)。 ④I don't like to goV shopping with Mary on weekends. (=I resent shopping with Mary on weekends but I don't mind doing other things.)我不喜欢逛商店,可以做其他事。
⑤V I don’like to go shopping with Mary on weekends.
(= John may like to do it,not me.)是我不喜欢,可能约翰会喜欢。
(5) all和every这两个通用词,在否定句中经常引起混乱,同样,语调在理解句子意思时,起了很关键的作用,语调可以帮助鉴别否定的中心是什么,有时,否定的是部分,有时否定的是整个句子,比较下列句子:
①All his books did not sell well.他的所有书都卖的不好。 (= None of his books sold well.) ②V All his books did not sell well.不是所有的书都卖的不好。
(= Not all his books sold well.)
③I don't like everything he V does.我不喜欢他做的每一件。事情。 (= No matter what he does, I don't like it.)
④I don't like V everything he does.不是每一件他做的事情我都不喜欢。 (=I like some of the things but not everything he does.) 否定转移
从语意上讲否定转移是指从句(一般为that引导的从句)的否定词被转移到主句。这种否定转移一般与表示意见看法的词一起出现,think,believe,suppose,imagine和expecto例如:
I think (that) he won't come tomorrow.我想他明天不会来了。 I don't think (that) he' 11 come tomorrow.我不认为他明天会来。
尽管否定词放在从句比放在主句语气更强烈,但是不论是在口语还是在书面英语里,转移否定更为普遍。转移否定可通过使用非肯定词或附加疑问句形式来完成。 ①I don' believe Mary has finished her work yet.我相信玛丽还没有完成她的工作。
②I don't imagine Tony will learn from this lesson, will he? 我认为托尼不会接受这个教训的。
但不是所有的表示意见的词均可用否定转移的,如下例句: ①I don't assume that they’ve already won the game. 我不认为他们已经赢了这场比赛。 ≠I assume that they haven't won the game yet. 我认为他们还没有赢得这场比赛。
②I don't fear that she will say something inappropriate at the par- ty。我不害怕她在晚会上会说出不得体的话。
≠I fear that she won't say anything inappropriate at the party. 我害怕她在晚会上不会说什么不得体的话。 其他的词还有presume,surmise等。 陈述句的其他功能
除了陈述情况,传递信息,陈述句在不同的情况下,还有其他功能: (1)提出疑问(=疑问句)
①A:Why don’t you talk to your mother? 你为什么不和你妈妈谈谈? B:You’re sure she'ff agrees? 你肯定她会同意吗? ②A:Sue will be back tomorrow.苏明天就圊来。 B: You’re missing her? 你想她吗? (2)发号施令(=祈使句)
①Your fly is open.(to remind sb. to zip up)拉链开了。 ②The food is getting cold. (to urge sb. to eat) 饭快凉了。 ③I’m tired. (to ask sb. to stop talking or to leave) 我累了。
④I wouldn’quit if I were you. (to advise sb. not to quit)如果我是你的话,我绝不退出。 (3)表示感叹(=感叹句) ①That was a wondefulfilm! (=What a wonderful film it was!) 这部电影真精彩!
②I wish I were at home! (=How I wish I were at home!) 我真希望我在家里!
③Just ten pounds. It’s nothing!(=How inexpensive it is!) 仅仅10磅。太便宜了!
④He’s running so fast!(=How fast he's running!) 他跑的真快呀! 疑问句
疑问句分为四种:一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句和附加疑问句,每种疑问句都表示一种语法特性、不同的功能和意义。 一般疑问句
一般疑问句也叫做YES-NO疑问句,因为这样的问句用YES或NO来回答。通过询问进一步证实问题的正确性或否认陈述的问题o Is John listening?相当予John is listening. True or false? 句尾应读升调。
一般疑问句的特点是非肯定词的应用,特别是当提问人对答案没有肯定或持否定的意见时,句中常用非肯定词,如:
①Do you have any questions? 你有问题?
②Is there anything interesting in today's paper?今天的报纸上有有趣的消息吗? ③Have you renewed your books yet?你还没有续借你的书? ④Have you ever been to Britain?你去过英国吗?
肯定或否定提问人的问题,靠听者来判断。但是,可根据说话 人或作者希望得到的答案来肯定或否定。一般疑问句以倾向于肯 定或否定的回答形式来表示。倾向于肯定的一般疑问句中,肯定词 替代应该用的非肯定词:
(!)Do you have some questions?你有问题么?
②Is there something interesting in today's paper?今天的报纸上有有趣的事情么? ③Has John arrived here already?约翰已经到了么? ④Is somebody waiting for you?有人等你么?
当问以上问题时,说话人对所问的真实性有把握,只是想进一 步证实所问问题。还有,当说话人提供一个帮助并希望能被接受: ①Would you like some coffee?给您一些咖啡,好吗?
@)Do you want some money for the phone call?给你点钱打电话,好吗?
有否定意义的一般疑问句比较复杂,他们通常含有否定词并表达说话人对他假设的否定态度:
①Don't you have any sense of humour?难道你没有一点幽默感吗?
②Aren't you ashamed of your uncivilized behaviour? 难道你对你的不文明行为不感到羞耻吗?
有否定词的疑问句不一定都是表示否定的意思,如: ①Won't you come in?你为什么不进来昵? ②Won't you sit down?你为什么不坐下呢?
我们可以认为这是说话人的邀请或建议,而不是否定意义。实 际上,这些句子更像是祈使句表示的命令。 同样,如下列问句: ①Isn't it lovely?好漂亮啊! ②Aren't you silly?你真蠢啊!
表示的感叹而不是疑问的意思,句尾用降调。 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句包括所有的以WH-开头的疑问句,如:what,when,where,why,w.ho(m),whose,which和how,句尾读降调,有时也称为信息疑问句,因为询问的是具体的信息。特殊疑问句问的不是陈述的真实性,不需要用YES或NO来回答,它问的是句子中的一分。 例如:
Peter drove to the station with his wife to meet his sister last night. (彼得昨晚开车到车站接他的姐姐。)
我们可以根据我们的要求在这一句话中问许多问题。 ①What did he do last night? 他昨晚干什么了?
②When did he drive to the station to meet his sister last night? 他昨晚什么时候开车到车站去接他姐姐了? ③Where did he meet his sister last night? 他昨晚去哪里接他姐姐了?
④Why did he drive to the station last night? 他昨晚为什么开车去车站?
⑤Who drove to the station last night? 昨晚谁开车去车站了?
⑥Who (m) did he drive to the station with last-night? 他昨晚和谁开车去车站了?
⑦Who (re)did he drive to the station to meet last night? 他昨晚开车去车站拉谁了?
⑧How did he go to th'e station last night? 昨晚他怎么去的车站?
在有上下文的时候,特殊疑问句常常用各种省略形式,将上下文已给的信息省略。 (1)特殊疑问句
①A:A man tried to gatecrash last night.昨晚一个男人想擅自进入。 B:Who? 谁?