Reading Comprehension
1. The question of why we don't improve the human genome is at present theoretical because___.
A. whether to improve the human genome is the hardest of all bioethical issues B. biologists are not ready with the methods to improve human genome C. the genetic engineers haven't found out how to alter human genes
D. at present the methods to change genes are not allowed to be used on humans
2. According to the passage, people get half of their parents' genes ____. A. intentionally B. selectively C. luckily D. randomly
3. According to the studies made by the Icelandic company Decode Genetics, A. some people are born with the possibility of osteoporosis and bone fracture
B. the risk of osoeoporosis and bone fracture can be deleted without any risk to health
C. osteoporosis and bone fracture can be prevented by inserting BMP-2 genes into a human embryo D. it is right to replace BMP-2 genes with some good versions
4. According to the passage, ___. A. everyone is born equal biologically
B. the nature is fair for everyone living on this earth
C. genetic endowments make the most difference in people D. it serves some people right to have deleterious genes
5. According to Dr. Gregory Stock, in the future ____. A. babies will be developed in laboratories B. non-sexual marriage will be more popular
C. parents will go genetic testing before having babies
D. it is absurd for parents to go genetic testing before having babies
6. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned as the arguments for opposing the improvement of the human genome?
A. The newly changed genes may have unknown complications. B. Making genetic changes in some people may cause social stress.
C. The lack of variation in human beings cannot respond to the changing environments. D. Human beings are such a delicate brew in nature that they cannot survive the changes.
7. The President's Council of Bioethics believes that ___.
A. human beings are the only survivor of evolution's many disastrous experiments
B. the human body and mind as masterpieces of evolution need no artificial improvement C. we should take it lightly to change the genes that shape human behavior
D. The human body and mind are so complex and delicate that they should be enhanced
8. According to the author, evolution is ___. A. a process of errors and trials B. a process with its purpose C. a process without any purpose D. a very wise process of the nature
9. According to the passage, people are less healthy when they get old because ___. A. they have run out of the good genes that act early in life B. evolution has failed to eliminate BMP-2 genes
C. late-acting versions of genes in the human genome are bad
D. evolution doesn't eliminate the bad genes that act after the age of reproduction
10. The author's attitude toward genome improvement is ____. A. worried B. supportive C. enthusiastic D. indifferent
VOCABULARY TEMS
1. decode: vt. to convert from code into plain text 2. bioethical: adj. of or relating to biological ethics 3. conception: n. the condition of being pregnant 4. allot: vt. to parcel out; distribute or apportion 5. downright: adv. thoroughly; absolutely
6. deleterious: adj. having a harmful effect; injurious
7. osteoporosis: n. a disease in which the bones become extremely porous, are subject to fracture, and heal slowly, occurring especially in women following menopause and often leading to curvature of the spine from vertebral collapse
8. endowment: n. a natural gift, ability, or quality 9. recreational: adj. of or relating to recreation
10. reckless: adj. careless, rash or disregardful of consequences
11. primitive: adj. of or relating to an earliest or original stage or state )flet ,
12. complication: n. a secondary disease or a negative reaction occurring during the course of an illness and usually aggravating the illness
13. trickle: v. to flow or fall in drops or in a thin stream 14. brew: sth. produced as if by brewing; a mix
15. eon: n. an indefinitely long period of time; an age 16. exacting: adj. making severe demands; rigorous 17. churlish: adj. having a bad disposition 18. roll: vt. to pick out from others; select
19. tedious: adj. tiresome by reason of length, slowness, or dullness; boring 20. bereft: adj. deprived of sth.; lacking sth needed or expected it
21. recipe: n. a set of directions with a list of ingredients for making or preparing sth. , especially food or medical prescription A2,-;
22. swap out: to exchange (one thing) for another. 23. hold the line against: to restrain; keep back
24. soup up: to increase the power of (a engine) or make better 25. mess with: to interfere with
NOTES
1. genome: The complete genetic information about an organism. In most organisms this is contained in the DNA sequences within chromosomes, while in RNA-based viruses it is the total RNA sequence. Genome sizes have a 100, 000 fold range from a few thousand base pairs in simple viruses to 10 base pairs in some plants. Since individual members of an organism may have slightly different genetic constitutions (genotypes), genomes describe the common sequences characteristic of the organism.
2. bioethics: in philosophy, a branch of ethics concerned with issues surrounding health care
and the biological sciences. These issues include the morality of abortion, euthanasia, in vitro fertilization, and organ transplants. In the 1970s bioethics emerged as a discipline with its own experts, often professional philosophers, who developed university courses on the subject. Many hospitals now employ experts on bioethics to advise on such issues as how to treat terminally ill patients and to allocate limited resources. Advances in health care, the development of genetic screening, and the new research in genetic engineering, including gene therapy, have also given rise to questions in bioethics.
3. IQ: An intelligence quotient or is a score derived from a set of standardized tests of intelligence. Intelligence tests come in many forms, and some tests use a single type of item or question. Most tests yield both an overall score and individual sub-test scores. Regardless of design, all IQ tests attempt to measure the same general intelligence. Component tests are generally designed and selected because they are found to be predictive of later intellectual development, such as educational achievement. IQ also correlates with job performance, socioeconomic advancement, and \pathologies\but very weakly or not at all with accumulated wealth, especially inherited. Recent work has demonstrated links between IQ and health, longevity, and functional literacy.
For people living in the prevailing conditions of the developed world, IQ is highly heritable, and by adulthood the influence of family environment on IQ is undetectable. That is, significant variation in IQ between adults can be attributed to genetic variation, with the remaining variation attributable to environmental sources that are not shared within families. In the United States, marked variation in IQ occurs within families, with siblings differing on average by around 12 points.
The average IQ scores for many populations were rising rapidly during the 20th century: a phenomenon called the Flynn effect. It is not known whether these changes in scores reflect real changes in intellectual abilities (if not, then this raises questions about what IQ tests do measure). On average, IQ scores are stable over a person's lifetime, but some individuals undergo large changes. For example, scores can be affected by the presence of learning disabilities. space probes.
第五课A 科学与技术 朱迪思· 鲍曼（编辑）
[l]乐观与强盛到世纪末时，人类的发明和认识似乎没有止境。从物质的基本构成单位到一切生命体的遗传密码，从宇宙的起源，也许到宇宙的最终完结，人们对科学的认识逐日扩大。20 世纪90 年代的技术进步似乎带来了一场其意义堪与200 年以前的工业革命相媲美的社会与经济方面的革命，它创造了一个崭新的社会，在这个社会里人们由技术相互连接，数字化的信息、商业以及通讯都在弹指一挥间。以“信息高速公路”为代表的新“数字化时代”并不包括每一个人，许多人面临着被抛弃的威胁，包括老年人和无力使用新技术的人。不过，到了1999 年仍有超过四分之三的美国人“接通”了这一全新的数字化社会，大多数美国人觉得技术进步正在提高他们的生活质量。这十年里，乐观情绪是人民生活的主色调。科技的新发展似乎向人们承诺提供从消除有毒废料到食品采买一系列问题的最终解决方案― 遗传科技人员培养出了能够吞食工业残渣的微生物，麻省理工学院媒体实验室的研究人员设计出
了能够觉察箱内牛奶告罄并可上网定购的电冰箱。过去人们认为一个技术发达的社会必定是高度集权的，有老大哥监视着人们的一举一动，但到了20 世纪90 年代，这种恐惧减轻了。相反，随着强调分散化、平等和公开资源共享的互联网及万维网的出现，许多人发现能够更多地接触各类信息，这增强了他们的个人自由及权力感。
[2]伦理道德与自然知识爆炸引起公众对这些新发现、新技术会将社会引向何处的忧虑。1997 年克隆动物的成功表明了克隆人也己不成问题，人们担心人类可能会朝着一个由基因制造的人组成的“美丽新世界”方向发展（这己不再是单纯的理论问题了）。1990 年启动的旨在破译人类整个基因组成的人类基因组工程为消灭基因疾病带来了希望，但也令人恐惧地要开辟一条“定做婴儿”之路，这些婴儿的基因可以根据其父母的愿望加以调整。尽管许多人争辩说，儿百年来，为了改善人类生活，动植物培育者一直在遗传学领域忙活，但另外一些人指出，遗传技术的新成果使得研究者得以越过大自然设定的界限，把人的基因移植到动物身上，使它们变成药厂；让植物能生产塑料并在黑暗中发光；甚至想办法制造出“绝命”种子，使其丧失繁殖能力，以保证种子厂家的滚滚财源。由于环境和机体都有可能被这种技术所改变，于是什么是“天然的”，这个问题引起了人们的认真的思考。然而，尽管大多数美国人对克隆人以及按需定做婴儿的基因组成感到僧恶，但又普遍支持有助于确定并治疗遗传疾病或使食物来源更卫生更丰盛以满足全球日益增长的人口的需求的遗传研究。
[3 ]隐私随着20 世纪90 年代许多科技的发展，隐私就成了首当其冲的关注点。互联网是资源共享方面令人惊异的新工具，可它也是获取本应保密的国家机密、军事机密、商业软件（指非开放源代码软件）的源代码甚至邻居的社会保险号码的强有力的工具。公司和个人同样担忧电脑黑客“闯入”设有保护的电脑系统，删除或盗窃重要数据，从而使私人信息遭到破坏。存心不良的人编写的电脑病毒，即可自行复制的编码，可通过电子邮件或网络潜入个人电脑系统大肆破坏存储在那里的数据。在互联网上保护个人私密不是一件容易的事情。许多人担心政府方面试图插手只能会阻碍互联网的发展。而当有关团体组织以“保护儿童”的名义游说政府禁止网上出现色情及其他令人不安的东西时，也引起了同样的忧虑。尽管大多数美国人赞成小孩不应接触这些内容，但企图规范个人网页和新闻组内容的努力还是同互联网应是公开、非集权的大众媒体的理念发生了冲突。在大众媒体领域里，即使最荒唐、最令人讨厌的东西也应能找到发表之地。有些公司监视员工使用互联网和收发电子邮件，使工作场所中数字监控成为备受关注的问题。
[4]遗传学与隐私遗传学的发展也威胁到了个人隐私。人类基因组项目定于21 世纪初完成，许多私人公司竞相获取遗传发现的专利，于是不少人担心科学家彻底掌握了人类遗传密码之后可能会干出什么事情来。虽然遗传疾病有可能被发现，也许还会治好，但有人也许会利用这个信息去歧视那些易患某种基因疾病的易感人群，或根据基因数据歧视某些群体。科学家会拥有人类基因密码专利，这点也令许多人惴惴不安，因为这意味着人的生命会变成一种专享资源。
[5]大科学和小科学美国国家宇航局仍然做着举世惊叹的事情，他们把哈勃望远镜送入轨道来获取人类从未见过的宇宙深处的图像，并传送回地球。这些图像提供了极具诱惑力的宇宙起源的线索。90 年代，宇航局的科学家从一块火星的陨石中发现了可能会证明细菌存活的证据，并发现遥远的行星上可能有水。人们在继续寻找外星生命。宇航局发送宇宙探测器登陆火星，将美国航天英雄小约翰· 赫谢尔· 格伦再次送入太空研究衰老问题，还计划同其他国家的研究组织共同建立一个国际太空站。但是一些批评人士提出质疑说，把花在太空上的钱用来资助地球上的新发现是不是更好呢？似乎地球上正进行着这么多有趣的新项目，太空研究不再那么必要了。最令人心仪的新领域是纳米技术，这项研究是力图在分子水平上操纵物质，用原子建立新的构件以用于微型制造业、药物体内释放系统及微型计算机等。新发
现的碳元素家族成员富勒烯使得纳米技术的研究人员有了新的研究材料。这一科学领域在新旧世纪交替时期仍处在实验阶段，但科技人员及政府官员己经看到了这门微科学的巨大潜力。
第五课B 我们应该改进我们的基因组吗？
尼古拉斯· 韦德
既然我们已经解读了人类基因组，我们为什么不去改进它呢了这个问题目前仅停留在理论层面上，但很可能会成为所有生物伦理学问题中最难司多解决的问题。生物学家们已经常规地采用目前人类还无法接受的可使遗传发生变化的方法改变老鼠的基因，但总有一天基因工程技术人员们会找到如何把基因补丁安全地应用到人类生物软件上的方法。
每个人都想拥有健康、美丽和聪明的孩子。但人们在所有这些特质上差异很大，这取决于他们父母的基因，以及受孕时每个孩子从其父母各自的基因库中完全凭运气分配到的一半。 人群中大多数的人类基因存在着几种不同的类型：其中一些非常优秀，值得拥有；一些很一般；还有一些则纯粹有害。
冰岛“解读遗传学”公司本月（指2003 年n 月，下同― 译者）发现了一种叫做BMP 一2 的基因的三种具有相当共性的类型，其中每一种类型都在很大程度上增加了其拥有者患骨质疏松症和脆骨症的风险。
假定有可能除去BMP 一2 和人类胚胎中所有其他人类基因中的任何不良类型，并代之以对健康没有任何风险的优良类型。这样做难道不对吗了选择这样做的父母们知道，他们已经让自己孩子的一生有了尽可能好的开端。无论手术费用是多么的昂贵，但假如它能省下一生的医药费，从长远看还是便宜的，所以所有人都能付得起这笔费用。人生中最严重的不公平― 遗传天赋的差别― 将从出生时就得以消除。
格雷戈里· 斯托克博士最近在《 重新设计人类》 一书中写道：“总有一天，人们会把性主要视为一种娱乐，把怀孕视为在实验室里做得最好的事。”父母们会开始相信“怀孕前如不进行基因测试就是鲁莽和无知”。
然而，反对改变人类遗传基因的观点也有非常有力的理由。实际上，许多基因都有不止一种的效应，而更换不良的基因类型可能导致无法预知的并发症。比如，换上去的新基因可能与一个人的其他基因相互作用产生坏的结果。但如果消除致病基因变种的尝试获得成功，到时候可能就会难以阻止那些想以同样方法提高其后代的体力或智力的父母。
改进有缺陷的人类基因物质固然很好，但超人和普通人之间的过渡可能会导致令人尴尬的局面。社会压力会随之出现，尤其是在技术不能迅速而且顺利地推广的情况下更是如此。 通过强化基因来追求智商了改变塑造人类行为的基因不应轻率而为。人类是进化过程中无数灾难性试验的唯一幸存者，其本性是许多相互矛盾的特性的微妙组合。有什么理由值得我们去冒险干预如此精美的造化天成？难道我们就不能为自然所赋予我们的现状而感到快乐吗2 （美国）总统生物伦理委员会在上个月发表的一份关于提高人体自然能力所带来的危险的报告中写道：“人类的躯体和心智既高度复杂又精细地平衡，是千万年渐进而艰难地进化的结果，任何考虑欠周的‘改进’尝试儿乎肯定会带来风险。”作为进化的产物，人们若挑战进化的智慧也许显得莽撞。但进化当然并不存在智慧。它是一个在不断出错的基础上偶然产生幸运机缘的盲目过程。
通过淘汰不良基因的不幸拥有者，进化使动物一直保持健康，充满活力，直到其进入繁殖期。对那些养育后代的物种，这个阶段还要再长一些。但进化对在生命早期就起作用的优良基因的严格偏爱与其筛选在生殖年龄过后起作用的不良基因时所存在的缺陷形成对比。由于这个缺陷，进化未能淘汰造成脆骨症的BMP 一2 基因变种，以及人类基因组中在生命后期才起作用的许多其他基因中的不良类型。这是导致我们衰老和死亡的真正原因。
如果进化在某个年龄段后不能帮助我们，为什么我们不能自助呢2 每一个人难道不应享有在我们共有的基因遗传中拥有最佳的基因类型的权利吗了或者至少在一出生时就免受那些较差基因的困扰了然而，如果我们减少个体之间的基因差异，我们就要冒将整个人类变成一个巨大克隆体的风险，导致索然无味的千人一面，从而丧失应对环境变化所必需的多样性。追求完美如走到极端，就一定会导致灭绝。