2. “be about to + 不定式”:表示即将发生的动作,有“即将”的意思,但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如:
The package is about to come unwrapped. 那个包快散开了。
3. “be going + 不定式”:表示按计划或安排打算去做某事,或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。如:
We are going to call her this evening. 我们打算今晚给她打电话。 My sister’s going to have a baby this summer. 我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。
4. 用现在进行时表示将来:主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如: The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。 We’re having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。
5. 用一般现在时表示将来:表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如: We have a holiday tomorrow. 我们明天放假。
The train leaves at 10:04 this evening. 火车今晚10:04分开。 ☆现在进行时由 am/is/are 加现在分词构成。
例句:
They’re having a meeting. 他们在开会。 I’m studying at an evening school. 我在上夜校。 Mike is coming home on Thursday. 迈克星期四回来。
They’re having a party next week. 下星期他们将开一个晚会。 You’re always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话!(抱怨)
My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满) She’s always helping people. 她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)
主要用来描述“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作,或是“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。它适用于下面的情况:
1)“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作。例如: They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。 She is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。 Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你听电话。
2)“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生,而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着,或是重复地发生着。例如: He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。 How are you getting along with your new job? 你那份新工作干得怎么样?
3)表示说话人的情感,如:赞许、批评;喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行,而是表示经常性,相当于“一般现在时”所描述的情况。例如:
He is always thinking of others , not of himself . (表示赞许)他总是为他人着想,而不为自己。
She is often doing well at school. (表示满意)她在学校学习挺不错的。 Are you feeling better today? (表示亲切)你今天觉得好一些吗?
One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.(表示不满)我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。
Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .(表示不喜欢) 有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。
4)表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词,如:go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午饭 ) , return, dine ( 进餐,尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿,戴 ) 等。例如:
I'm dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。
An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美国教授要来作报告。
We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我们放假。 Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗?
现在进行时表将来,主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作: I’m leaving tomorrow. 我明天走。
They’re getting married next month. 他们下个月结婚。
现在进行时与一般现在时均可表示将来,区别是:用现在进行时表示将来,其计划性较强,并往往暗示一种意图;而一般现在时表示将来,则其客观性较强,即通常被视为客观事实,多指按时刻表或规定要发生的情况:
I’m not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。 What time does the train leave? 火车什么时候开? ☆过去进行时
主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作,所以,句子常带有一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语可能是短语,词组,或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。过去进行时主要用于下面的情景中:
1)表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作,例如:
At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候,我正在收拾东西去露营。 When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我来看她的时候,她正在写一篇文章。
What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么? 2)用于故事的开头,交代故事发生的背景情况。
过去进行时所描述的动作是“正在进行”,所以,在这种情景中用“过去进行时”可以给读者一种“动感”,从而能使文章更加生动活泼。例如:
One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity ? .一天晚上,他正在书房里打字。突然,一个人闯进屋来,切断了电源?? 3)(仅限少数动词)表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作。例如:
When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday .国庆节即将来临的时候,他们开始制订度假计划。
She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。
My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that day .我朋友对我说,他今天要与他的一位客户一块儿吃午饭。
We left there when it's getting dark. 天快黑的时候,我们离开了那儿。 用过去进行时表示现在,主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如:
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。 We were hoping you would stay with us. 我们很希望你能跟我们住在一起。 How much did you want to spend, sir? 先生,您打算花多少钱?
注:一般过去时也有类似用法,但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。
☆过去完成时
由 had 加动词的过去分词构成。 例句:
She said she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。 一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即\过去的过去( past-in-the-past )\。
----|--------------------------
|-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那时以前 那时 现在
构成:过去完成时由\助动词 had + 过去分词\构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.
二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: ( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。
如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。
如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。
如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由\过去的过去\来判定。
过去完成时表示\过去的过去\,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在: ( 1 )宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如: She said that she had seen the film before. ( 2 )状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如: Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom.