two polar bonds would cancel one another out
6.Instead of having one end of the molecule positive and the other end negative, the electrons are pulled toward the right in one bond and toward the left in the other
7.Many of the properties of compounds, like melting point, boiling point, and solubility, depend on the polarity of the molecules of the compound
8.Most of the ionic compounds that we have just named are also referred to as salts 9.A salt is an ionic compound formed by the combination of a cation with an anion
10.Most of the compounds that we have discussed so far are ionic compounds, which constitute a significant portion of the ―hard‖ part of nature VI. Translation
1. 物质既不能创造亦不能消灭
Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated. 2. 科学家必须知道怎么运用数字以求得对问题的准确解释
It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.
3. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子组成的 Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas. 4. 试验是成功，它的结果正如我们预期的一样
The experiment was successful. It’s results was the same as what we had expected. 5. 我们不久就会完成这个试验
It will not be long before we finish the experiment.
Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
I. Comprehension
1.The IUPAC system is also known as Geneva system because the first meetings of IUPAC system were held in C. Geneva, Switzerland
2.According to the second paragraph, the first four prefixes listed in Table 10.1 were A.chosen by the IUPAC because they were well establish in
B.established before there were the language of organic chemistry C.established by organic chemists
3.If there are two or more different substituents when listing them in alphabetical order, we can not ignore B. the prefixes iso- and neo-
4.Despite the precision of IUPAC system, routine communication in organic chemistry still relies on A.Trival names B.semisystematic names C.systematic names 5.The name assigned to any compound with a chain of carbon atoms consist of B. two parts
6.The infix of the name of any compound tells A A.the number of carbon atom in the parent chain
II. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system 1 CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane, octane 2 (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 2-methylpentane 3 (CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)2 CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)2 ◇-CH2-CH(CH3)2 CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2) CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH3 CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C≡C-CH3 CH2=CH-C≡CH (CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH3 CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH3 (CH3)3C-OH (CH3)3C-OCH2H5 (CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H5 (CH2OH)2 CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) CH3CH2NH2 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3 5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane 4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane isobutylcyclobutane 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 2-chloro-3-hexene 4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne 1-buten-3-yne 4-methyl-2-pentanol 3-hexen-2-ol 2-methyl-2-propanol 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 1,2-ethanediol 1,2-proanediol 1,2,3-propanetriol aminoethane 20 N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane III. Draw structures for the following compounds. C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C 1 3-octene 2 3-methy-2-heptene 3 cyclohexene C-C?C-C-C 4 5 2-pentyne 3,3-dimethylhexyne 6 3-bromotoluene CH3Br 7 8 9 vinyl chloride acetylene para-dichlorobenzene C=C-Cl C?C Cl10 m-chlorobromobenzene Cl BrCl 11 toluene CH3 12 chlorobenzene Cl 13 1,2-dibromobenzene BrBr 14 naphthalene 15 anthracene 16 phenanthrene 17 2-methyl-1-propanol CCCOHC 18 Cyclohexanol OH 19 20 Methoxyethene trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol CCOC OHOC2H5
IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.
1.Alkynes react primarily by A.addition 2.The structure represents: A. cyclopropene 3.Which of the following is an alkene? B.C6H12
4.How many disubstitution products are possible for benzene C.3
Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives I. Comprehension
1.In the reaction of the carboxylic acid with the alcohol, B
B. –OH from the carboxylic acid and –H from the alcohol forms water 2.The author believes that the acid halide can be formed B
B.by the reaction of the carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride
3.The anhydride derived from two molecules of phosphoric is a strong acid, C C.because it is completely ionized at pH7.0
4.Halides react readily with water to form with phenols to form and ammonia to form D. Carboxylic acid/esters/amides
5.In A. Hydrolysis reaction, an anhydride is cut into two molecules of carboxylic acid 6.Ibuprofen has been used widely as newer nonprescription analgesics, A A.because Aspirin can irritate the stomach wall
IV. Translation
1. 同样，溶剂也可以不是液体物质，而是其他物质
Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others
2. 以溶解度作为一个坐标，以温度作为另一个坐标所作的曲线图称为溶解度曲线 A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve.
( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)
3. 空气是混合物气体，含量最多的是以N2 形式存在的氮
Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules). 4.反应的方向和平衡的位置也受温度、压力和其他条件的影响
The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the
temperature, pressure, and other conditions.
5.氢对氧有着很强的亲和力，很容易与氧化合形成水
Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.
V. Translation
玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。
4总结
化合物宿命包括：水，盐，糖，氨和石英。
Compounds common names include water , salt , sugar, ammonia ,and quartz.
1.阳离子命名（the names of cations )
(1).单原子阳离子的名称同元素的名称相同，后跟随离子一词。
The names of monatomic cations are the same as the name of the element , with the addition of the word ion . 例如：钠离子 Sodium ion
(2) 当一种元素可以形成不止一种阳离子，用编码---罗马数字等于离子电荷数来命名。 When an element can form more than one kind of cation , we use the stock number , a Roman numeral equal to the change of the cation .
例如： 亚铜离子（Cu+） copper（I) ion 铜离子（Cu2+） copper（II) ion 亚铁离子（Fe2+） iron（II) ion 铁离子（Fe3+） iron（III） ion
2.阴离子命名（Names of Anions）
（1）单原子阴离子命名时，元素名作为第一部分，加上后缀—ide。
Monatomic anion are named by adding the suffix—ide and the first part of the name of the element.
例如：氟离子（F-） flouride 氯离子（cl-） chloride 溴离子(Br-) bromide (2)含氧酸跟命名是以元素命名作主干，加后缀—ate。
The names of oxoanions are formed by adding the suffix-ate to the stem of the name of the element. 例如：碳酸跟（CO32-） carbonate. （3)然而，许多元素可以形成有不同数目氧原子的含氧酸根，含氧较多数目的离子加后缀-ite. However，many element can form a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms. The ion with larger number of oxygen is given the suffix-ate. And that with smaller number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix-ite.
例如：硝酸根（NO3-） nitrate 亚硝酸跟(NO2-) nitrite
(1)'' 若超过两种含氧酸根，具有最少氧原子数目的含氧酸根加前缀hypo-并加后缀-ite， 具最多数目氧原子的含氧酸根加前缀per-并加后缀-ate。
Some element form more than two oxoanions. The name of oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo-
to the -ite form of the name. The oxoanion with a higher number of oxoanion atoms is named with the prefix pre- add to the -ate form of the name.
例如： ClO- hypochorite ClO2- chalorite ClO3- chalorate ClO4- perchlorate
（2）\含H阴离子，命名是将这些阴离子在开头加“hydrogen\
Some anions include hydrogen , the name of these anions begin with \
例如：HCO3- hydrogen carbonate （3）”含氧酸命名是源于对应的含氧酸根，并用-ic acid代替-ate，或用-ous acid代替-ite。 The formulas of oxoanions are derived from those of the corresponding oxoanions, -ic oxoacides are the parent of -ate oxoanions and -ous oxoacides are the parents of -ite oxoanion.
例如：H2SO4 sulfuric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid
3.离子化合物命名（names of Ionic compound） （1）命名是以阳离子在前，阴离子在后的方式。
An ionic compound is named with cation name first , followed by the name of the anion.
例如;KCI potassium chloride NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate (2)水合物命名是首先给出化合物名字，后用希腊前缀加hydrate， 前缀表示有多少水分子。Hydrates are named by first giving the name of the compound, then adding the word hydrate with Greek prefix indicating how many molecules of water are found.
例如;CuSO4.5H2O copper（II)sulfate pentahydrate
4.分子化合物命名（names of molecular compounds）
分子化合物命名是用希腊前缀表示每种原子出现的数目，没有前缀的话则表示只有一个原子。
Molecular compound are named by using the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each type of atom present. No prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present.
例如： PCI3 phosphorus trichloride N2O dinitrogen oxiden SF6 sulfur hexafluoride N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide
5.单价金属离子.
命名和书写二元离子化合物，先写金属再写非金属，金属名字不变，阴离子是在词根后加-ide.
In both naming and writing the formular for a binary ionic compound , the metal comes first and the nonmental second. The unchanged English name of the metal is used . The name of the anion includes only the English root plus ide.
例如： NaCl sodium chloride CaO calcium oxide 6.多原子离子化合物命名 同上阴离子命名.