C) delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervous system D) over-the-counter drugs can be taken to ease the misery caused by a cold or the flu 3. According to the passage, to combat the flu effectively, one should ________. A) identify the virus which causes it B) consult a doctor as soon as possible C) take medicine upon catching the disease D) remain alert when the disease is spreading
4. Which of the following symptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold? A) A stuffy nose. B) A high temperature. C) A sore throat.
D) A dry cough.
5. If children have flu-like symptoms, their parents ________. A) are advised not to give them aspirin
B) should watch out for signs of Reye syndrome
C) are encourage to take them to hospital for vaccination D) should prevent them from mixing with people running a fever
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
Why do we laugh? Because we find something funny, most people would say. Robert Provine, a behavioral neurobiologist (神经生物学家) at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, once thought so too. But then he and his students began moving about secretly on the college campus, notebooks in hand, recording exactly what really made people laugh.
Twelve hundred \do with jokes or funny stories. The vast majority of laughs followed mundane statements such as \traditional standards for humor. \some 10 to 20 percent followed anything remotely recognizable as a punch line. So what are the majority of laughs actually about?
The search for an answer brings you to face with problems that are at once the bane (祸害，毁灭者) and lifeblood of virtually all research into human emotions. You may think the social context of the emotion is obvious; but then you realize that people laugh when they're nervous as well as amused, disappointed as well as joyous, and sometimes simply because someone else is laughing.
You may also set out with the belief that the emotion has evolved into something rather sophisticated, requiring the brain's conscious, cognitive centers to respond to subtle social cues; but then you realize that most people cannot force themselves to laugh on command or suppress an unwanted attack of the giggles. \arises not from our conscious mind but from a primitive, precognitive part of our brain\deep in our animal nature\
Provine is one of the few researchers trying to go beyond anecdote and speculation by looking at laughter as an animal behaviorist might study birdsong or a wolf's howl. He believes that, like birdsong, laughter functions as some kind of social signal, Indeed, studies have shown that people are thirty times more like to laugh in social settings than when they are alone, in the absence of pseudo social stimuli like television. Even nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, loses much of its potency (力量) if taken in solitude (单独), says Willibald Ruch, a psychologist at the
University of Dusseldorf.
6. The best title for the passage would be ________. A) Laughter: A Complicated Emotion B) Origins of Human Emotions C) How Laughter Influences the Brain D) New Theories on Laughter
7. The phrase \A) an accident
B) something that is funny and interesting C) a boring statement
D) something that is learned from experience
8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true? A) Laughter does not require social context.
B) People laugh mostly because they feel amused and joyous. C) The social context in which laugh occurs may not be obvious. D) We laugh mostly because someone else is laughing.
9. What is the author's point in Paragraph 4?
A) Laughing is largely an unconscious behavior. B) We laugh because we are often forced to do so. C) Giggling can be easily suppressed.
D) Laughing requires a conscious and cognitive mind.
10. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A) birds and wolves are social animals
B) the best way to study laughing is by analyzing anecdotes C) most researchers on laughing are animal behaviorists D) television brings forth more laughter than other social settings
Section Two Blank-filling (20 points)
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word
for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
Over the past few decades, it has been proven _ L times that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that O_ being masculine and feminine are G__ _ by both heredity and culture. In the E of growing up, each child learns hundreds of culturally patterned H of behavior that become C _ into its gender identity. Some
of this learning takes place K . In other words, the child is told by others how to act in a(n) B feminine or masculine way. Other details of D_ behavior are taught unconsciously, or
indirectly, as the culture provides different images, aspirations, and adult J for girls and boys. A. individuals B. appropriately F. attitude G. patterned K. directly L. innumerable C. incorporated H. details M. superior D. gender E. process J. models O. constitute I. consideration N. lost Section Three Translation from English into Chinese
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.
Their research showed that many teachers who thought they were nonsexist were amazed to see how biased they appeared on videotape. From nursery school to postgraduate courses, teachers were shown to call on males in class far more than on female students. This has a tremendous impact on the learning process for, in general, those students who become active classroom participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement. As a matter of fact , in the late 1960s, when many of the best all-women's colleges in the northeastern United States opened their doors to male students, it was observed by professors and women students alike that the boys were \over\the classroom discussions and that active participation by women students had diminished noticeably . A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.
他们的研究显示,许多教师认为他们nonsexist惊奇地看到偏颇出现在录像带上。从幼儿园到研究生、教师被证明呼吁在课堂上远远超过男性对女性的学生。这是有极大的影响,关注学习过程,一般来说,这些学生成为活跃课堂参与者发展更积极的态度,然后继续去更高的成就。作为一个事实,在1960年代晚期,当一些最好的女子院校在美国东北部的门打开了他们的男学生,这是教授和女学生观察相似,男孩子们“接管”课堂讨论,女学生积极参与已逐渐削弱明显。一个类似的服从女性与男性的学生也被观察到在法律上和医学院教室,在近几年。
Unit 5 Athletes
Section One Reading Comprehension
Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:
Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960‘s and 70‘s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.
A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions form the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic（北极的）snow were declining.
In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European. Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.
In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 20 forest floors in New England. New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990.The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.
Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.
1. The study published in the journal Nature indicated that ________. A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected D) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow
2. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US ________.
A) was discouraged B) was enforced by law
C) was prohibited by law D) was introduced
3. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland? A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio. B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.
C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America. D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries. 4. The authors of the Ambio study have found that _______. A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected
B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US
D) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions 5. It can be inferred from last paragraph that scientists ________. A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline C) still consider lead pollution a problem
D) lack sufficient means to combat bad pollution
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, who would rather try switching to ―light‖ beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.
In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure charts; for example, one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry. Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. ―Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight,‖ says York Onnen, program director of the President‘s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.
Still, exercise‘s supporting role in weight reduction is vital. A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.
If you have been sedentary（极少活动的）and decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year‘s time, assuming no increase in food intake, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight.
6. What is said about the average American in the passage? A) They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of ―light‖ beer. B) They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight.
C) They prefer ―light‖ beer and low-calorie bread to other drinks and food.
D) They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight. 7. Some people dislike exercise because they ________.