4．1ead investigator：研发项目负责人
5．?carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chips．on multiple occasion，spread out over weeks：??经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。 6．too pronounced：此处pronounced为形容词，意为very noticeable，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。
7．supertasting：超重味感
练习：
1．In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that
A．it is good to health to eat food without salt． B．many people reject low—salt food completely．
C．many people accept low—salt tasteless food reluctantly D．food with reduced salt tastes better． 2．The fourth paragraph describes briefly
A．how to select subjects and what to do in the research． B．how to identify supertasters and nontasters．
C．why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons． D．why to select more male subjects than female ones． 3. The article argues that supertasters
A．1ike the；taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food． B．1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor．
C．consume less salt because they don t like intensive tastes． D．1ike to share salty cheese with nontasters．
4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste? A．They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness．
B．They like high．salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste． C．They prefer high—salt cheese．which tastes less bitter．． D. They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health． 5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry? A．Taste acuity is genetically determined．
B．Taste acuity is developed over time after birth．
C．Taste acuity is related to one's eye and hair color． D．Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science．
答案与题解：
1．C 根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，所以必须做出很大努力 (struggling)去适应，而低盐食物对于他们来说，口味很不好(fare that simply does not taste?good to them)。选项C有accept reluctantly(勉强接受)表达了这层意思，所以是正确的选择。A、B、D三个选项均是错误的。
2．A第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项A概括了这方面的内容，所以是答案。而选项B、C、D所述内容均不符合该段的意思。
3．B 短文的第五段提供了答案o supertaster在这里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐；因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表达了上述内容，所以是答案。
4．C 短文第六段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶酪发酵会产生苦味，supertasters不喜欢苦
味，而高含盐量可以盖住奶酪里的昔味，这是他们偏爱高盐奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正确选择。
5．A 文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes得出的结论是，Taste acuity(味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种biological difference(生物差异)，所以A是答案。B说味觉敏度是后天形成的，显然与作者的结论相左0℃说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关，显然是错误的。D的内容在最后两段都没有提到，所以不会是答案。
+第四十六篇
Marvelous Metamaterials
1
Invisibility cloaks would have remained impossible，forever locked in science fiction．had it not been for the development of metamaterials2. In Greek, \means beyond, and metamaterials car do things beyond what we see in the natural world—like shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back together3．If scientists ever manage to build a full—fledged invisibility cloak，it will probably be made of metamaterials．
\phenomenon that doesn't exist in nature,\most exciting thing.\cloaking--at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.
An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials．Other applications are just as excitin9．In many labs，for example，scientists are working on building a hyperlens．A lens is a device——usually made of glass——that can change the direction of light waves．Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a
researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far away．
A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterials．And since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials can't，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001．A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable—as small as the wavelength of visible light．
Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterials．\he says．
Since 2006，many laboratories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that don't involve just visible light．In fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials．
At the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain5．Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound．Just as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，an \in nature．In an orchestra hall, for example．an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves——so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audience．without distortion．
Sanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that it's possible to build such an acoustic cloak，though he doubts we'11 see one any time soon．\，it is possible,\，but it might be impossible to make one, he adds．
Other scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as shields around islands or oil rigs6 as protection from tsunamis．A tsunami is a giant．destructive wave．The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island．and the wave would resume its ioumey on the other side without causing any harm．
词汇：
Cloak n．斗篷，披风 Metamaterial n．超材料
full—fledged adj．完全成熟的，完全合格的 Hyperlens n．超透镜 Acoustics n．声学 Tsunami n.海震，海啸
注释：
1．Invisibility cloaks：隐形衣。在《哈利·波特与死亡圣器》(Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows)一书中，哈利通过邓布利多的转交继承了他父亲的隐形衣。该书是英国女作家J．K．罗琳创作的哈利·波特系列小说的第7部。
2．?had it not been for the development of metamaterials：??如果超材料尚未得到开发的话。该句使用的是虚拟过去时的倒装结构。虚拟过去时表示与过去事实相反的假设；因为是倒装结构，所以将情态动词had提到主语之前。如使用正常语序，该句可写为．．．．if it had not been for the development of metamaterials． 3．\means beyond．and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world—like shuffle light waves around an object and then bring them back together：“meta”的词义是“超越”，metamaterials(超材料)能做出我们在自然界看不到的事情，例如将光波移动到某个物体周围，然后将光波全部收回。
4．Louisiana Tech University in Ruston，Louisiana：路易斯安那理工大学，位于路易斯安那州拉斯顿市。该校为公立大学，1894年建校，是美国最为重要的研究型大学之一。
5．the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain：瓦伦西亚理工大学，位于西班牙东南部的瓦伦西亚市，该校建于l968年。． 6．oil rigs：石油钻塔
练习：
1．What is true for metamaterials?
A．They will always remain in science fiction． B．They are already a reality．
C．They are nonexistent in nature．
D．Scientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks． 2．A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lens A．as it can allow scientists to see small things．
B．as it can help photographers to capture images far away． C．even if it is made of ordinary materials．
D．as it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light． 3．Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to invent A．an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of light． B．an invisible cloak that can shuffle waves of sound． C．an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound． D．a cloak that is made of materials found in nature． 4．According to Sdnchez—Dehesa,
A．it is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soon．
B．it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from．reality． C．it is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak.
D．it is theoretically impractical to build an acoustic cloak．
5．What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis?
(Read the last paragraph．
A．Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields．
B．Stopping the tsunami with metamaterials hours before it reaches them． C．Building them with larger metamaterials to keep away tsunamis．
D．Using the equipment made of metamaterials to forecast arrival of a tsunami．
答案与题解：
1．C A不是正确答案，因为短文一开始的句子使用了虚拟语态，句子的意思是：如果超材料尚未得到开发的话??。也就是说，科学家已经在研发超材料。短文的后面部分也进一步提到科学家正致力于超材料的开发。但是因为超材料尚未研发成功，科学家更没有开始使用超材料来制造隐身衣，所以B和D也不是正确选择。第二段的第一句提供了答案。 2．D A、B所述功效均是第三段中普通的lens能够达到的功效，所以不是正确选择。Hyperlens不是用普通材料制成，所以C也是错误选择。短文第四段对hyperlens做了描述，结合第四段内容可以得到D选项提供的结论。
3．C 短文的第七段提供了答案。该段的大意是：瓦伦西亚理工大学的研究者Jose Sanchez． -Dehesa试图研发acoustic cloak，其原理与invisible cloak相同，只是acoustic cloak移动声波(shuffle waves of sound)，而不是移动光波(shuffle waves of light)。所以，只有C是正确的选择。
4．B 短文的第八段提供了答案。工程师Sanchez-Dehesa认为，成功开发acoustic cloak在理论上是可能的，但他对是否能成功表现出怀疑。
5．A 短文的最后一段告诉我们，科学家也在研究如何将超材料应用于抵御海啸的袭击。可以在岛屿周围使用超材料作为防护(shields)，因为超材料可以让海啸改变行走方向(redirect tsunarni)。A表达了这层意思，所以是答案。文章没有说，在海啸到达之前数小时用超材料将海啸档住，B不是答案。文章没有建议用超材料建造海岛和石油钻塔，C不是答案。D的内容是用超材料制作海啸预警器，文章中没有提及，也不是答案。
理工类完形填空新增文章
篇目
第三篇 What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?
*第十二篇 Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens
+第十五篇 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
第三篇
What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?
What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃ which —l— in Antarctica in 1983．
We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in—2一.
Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃ to -120℃．The temperature depends upon —3— you are in direct sunlight or shade．Obviously, -l20℃ is colder than our body can safely endure．Thank NASA science for well-designed space —4— that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes．
l
The space temperatures just discussed affect only Our area of the solar —5—．Obviously，it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun．Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃．How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your —6—．We are taught it is supposedly —7— to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move．Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely —8— absolute zero．They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery，in this case2． Why is the two scientists' work so important to science?
In the l920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting —9— about
particles we now call photons．Bose had trouble —l0— other scientists to believe —11— he contacted Albert Einstein．Einstein's calculations helped him theorize —12— behave as Bose thought——but only at very cold temperatures．
Scientists have also discovered that —13— atoms can help them make the world's atomic clocks even more accurate．These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose3 0ne second —14— six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time4 (d=v×t)．With5 the long distances involved in space —15— to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance．
词汇：
Antarctica n．南极洲 Orbit n．轨道
NASA 美国国家航空和航天管理局 Astronomer n．天文学家 Pluto n．冥王星 Photon n．光子
Theorize v．推理，使理论化 Velocity n．速度
注释：
1．our area：我们的这个区域。指的是太阳系中环地球的宇宙空间。
2．in this case：在这个案例中。诺贝尔物理奖一般是授予创立某种重大理论或有着重大发现的科学家。在这一案例中，两位科学家不是由于有重大科学发现而得奖，而是由于成功地将气体的温度降到接近绝对零度而得奖。
3．These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second?：这些钟如此精确，??才慢l秒钟。they would only lose one second是结果状语，they之前省略了连接词that。
4．velocity times time：速度乘以时间。times是介词，意为“乘以”。 5．With：由于
练习：
1．A opened B occurred C opposed D operated 2．A Earth B space C planet D star 3．A whether B where C what D when