国际互联网最初是美国国防部建立的一个实验性网络，现在涵盖了世界范围内的2000多万台计算机，估计每年还要增加50万台。它提供电子邮件、数以千计的简报式新闻以及各种数据库服务。你可以用电子邮件把问候语与电视图像、声音、数据等压缩在一起更重要的是，它通过大信息量的数据交换促进人们之间的合作。人们已经进行了在互联网现场传输声音和图像的实验。互联网庞大的规模使它有望成为信息高速公路的主干线。但为了支持越来越多的用户和多媒体应用，必须增加频带宽度，这是信息高速公路的核心问题。
Internet, originally established as an experimental network for the U.S. Defense Department, now spans more than 20 million computers worldwide, with an estimated 400,000 increase every year.services.
It offers electronic mail, thousands of bulletin board-type news-groups and a variety of database
The electronic mail allows you to encapsulate your greetings with video images and
More importantly, it enhances collaborative working through an
Experiments on transmitting live audio and video over the The sheer size of the Internet makes it a candidate for the
But in order to support the growing number of users
sound as well as data.
information-rich exchange of data.
Internet have also been conducted.
backbone of the Information Superhighway.
and the multimedia applications, the available bandwidth will have to increase dramatically, which is the technical problem at the core of the Information Superhighway.
Unit 12
Either in music in fiction the most basic thing is rhythm. Your style need to have good, natural, steady rhythm or people won’t keep reading your work.I learned the importance of rhythm from music – and mainly from jazzNext comes melody that, in literature, means the appropriate arrangement of the words to match the rhythm. If the way the words fit the rhythm is smooth and beautiful, you can’t ask for anything more.Next is harmony – the internal mental sounds that support the words.
Then comes the part I like best: free improvisation.
Through some special
channel, the story comes welling out freely from inside. All I have to do is get into the flow.
Finally comes what may be the most important thing: that high you experience upon completing a work – upon ending your “performance” – and feeling you have succeeded in reading a place that is new and meaningful.other way.
无论是小说或是音乐，最基础的东西在于韵律。你的风格需要有优良、自然且持续的律动，否则人们不会持续地想要阅读你的作品。我从音乐——主要是爵士乐中——认识韵律的重要性。接下来的旋律--在文学上的形式代表着将我们的语言加以适当的组织实现韵律的契合。如果文字与韵律的契合平滑而优美，你将别无所求。接下来是旋律，在文学作品中即为伴随节奏而巧妙的遣词造句。接下来就是我最喜欢的部分：自由即兴创作。通过一些特别的途径，整个故事可以从我的内心深处喷涌出来。我所要做的，就是顺着思路，随心而做。最终，最重要的时刻到来了：在完成一件作品，完成一场表演时，你兴奋无比，你感觉你达到一个全新的，涵义深刻的阅读境界。假如这一切顺利，你可以与你的读者(你的听众)分享这种境界。唯有这种方式，才能美妙无比，到达创作的顶峰。
And if all goes well, you get to share that sense of elevation
with your readers (your audience). That is a marvelous culmination that can be achieved in no
对我而言，生活的转折点是放弃更有前途的商业而专攻音乐。父母虽然同情我，也像我一样热爱音乐，却反对我以音乐为职业。考虑到我的家庭情况，他们的这种态度是完全可以理解的。我祖父在莫比尔的斯普林希尔学院教授音乐达40年之久，深受学院师生的热爱和敬重，他的工资却几乎不够维持一大家人的生活。父亲常说若不是祖母精明能干，克勤克俭，一家人非挨饿不可。所以在我们家，只要一提起音乐这个行当，大家就会想起那收入微博，朝不保夕的苦日子。父母坚持要我上大学，不准我进音乐学院，我也就上了大学。我记得当时还挺高兴，因为虽然我热爱小提琴，大部分可与时间都花在练琴上，但我还有许多其他爱好。不等我从哥伦比亚大学毕业，家庭经济严重化，我感到自己有责任退学找工作，就这样我投身于商业-事后我每次想起这段经历都觉得是虚度了年华。
The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business career and study music.
My parents, although sympathetic, and sharing my love of music, disapproved of it as a
This was understandable in view of the family background.
My grandfather had
profession.
taught music for nearly forty years at Springhill College in Mobile and, though much loved and respected in the community, earned barely enough to provide for his large family. My father often said it was only the cleverness and thriftiness of my grandmother that kept the family away from starving.
As a consequence of this example in the family, the very mention of music as a
profession carried with it a picture of a miserable existence with uncertain financial rewards.
My
parents insisted upon college instead of a conservatory of music, and to college I went – quite happily, as I remember, for although I loved my violin and spent most of my spare time practicing, I had many other interests.
Before my graduation form Columbia, the family met with severe
financial reverses and I felt it my duty to leave college and take a job. Thus I launched upon a business career – which I always think of as the wasted years.
Unit 14
The word “science” seems to contain some magic power; if put forward, it should bring about immediate consent, with no possible discussion.This situation is exploited for advertisement, but it is basically unsound. Science is not a creed. It was not revealed to man by some superior deity.revision.
Science is a product of the human brains, and as such, it is always open to discussion and possible
There is no absolute truth in it: rather relativity is its rule. It represents a logical
summary of human knowledge, based on human observation and experience, both of which are always of limited range and finite accuracy.
As for the logic introduced into the classification of
empirical facts, it is typically a product of our brain.We select experimental results that appear to us as logically connected together, and we ignore many facts that do not fit into our “logic”.should be considered as “laws of nature.”
科学这个词似乎具有某种魅力。它一旦被提出，就应该立即得到认可，而不允许有任何可能的讨论这种需要人们立即认可的情况出现在广告中，但是基本上不合情理。要知道，科学不是一种信条，也不是神灵向人类的揭示物。它是人类思维的产物，因此是可以讨论和修正的。科学无绝对真理，科学的真理，总是相对的。它以人的观察和经验为基础，对人类知识进行
This
rather artificial procedure is our own invention and we are so proud of it that we insist its results
逻辑性的总结，然而人的观察和经验总是有限的而且缺少一定的精确性。至于那些用来对经验事实进行归类的逻辑则完全是我们大脑的产物。我们选择我们认为有着逻辑联系的实验结果，而忽略许多不符合我们自己“逻辑”的事实。这种相当人为的选择结果是我们自己的事情。对此，我们非常得意，以至于主张这些人为选择的结果应该被当做“自然规律”来对待。 一门科学，它研究某一类事物，研究这一类事物里各个成员之间的关系。因此，自然科学的理想形式是与数学的理想形式相同的。自然科学的目的是去发现这样一些关系，即在某种情况下有事件P出现时，一定也有事件Q出现。当一门学科从描述性的定性阶段发展到以定量和解释的方式表达相互关系的阶段时，该门科学就以数学的形式出现了。天文学曾一度是一门描述性的科学。但是，开普勒（Kepler）和牛顿（Newton）的工作确立了这样的基础，利用这些基础，天体运动规律可用数学来表示。正是在这个意义上，数学有时可称为科学的语言。当科学的结论采用定量的形式表达，并频繁地启发新的实验时，就要使用数学的假设命题了；另一方面，观察到的科学数据极其复杂，会刺激数学的发展，并拓宽数学的基础。 A branch of science deals with a class of things, and the relations between these membersThus the ideal form of a natural science is the same as that of mathematics. The objective in a natural science is to discover relations which assert that if an event P is present in a situation, then the event Q also present. As a branch of science advances/develops from a descriptive and qualitative stage to one where the relations can be expressed in a quantitative and explanatory manner, the science assumes/takes on a mathematical form.Astronomy at one time was a descriptive science, but work of Kepler and Newton established foundations, by means of which the laws of the heavenly bodies’ motions could be expressed mathematically. It is in this sense that mathematics is sometimes called the language of science.
When the scientific conclusions take on/assumes a
quantitative form and frequently suggest new experiments, the hypothetical propositions of mathematics are called into play/in need; while, on the other hand, complexities in observed data of science stimulate the development of mathematics and broaden its foundation.
Unit 15
The will to win is a powerful motive, and individual athletes as well as coaches and administrators have studied such matters as the most efficient type of leadership and the optimal level of pre-game stress.“results”.
Psychologists differ among themselves, but some contend that democratic
leadership produces greater individual satisfaction while authoritarian leadership provides
Many psychological studies have shown that female athletes tend to attribute failure
to their lack of effort or will while male athlete point to external factors such as luck or the strength of the opposition.
It has also been established that the ideal level of pre-game stress falls
between utter relaxation and hypertension and depends in part on the sport; successful archery, for instance, calls for less pre-match aggressiveness than rugby does.
Athletes in many sports such
as golf, tennis, diving, high jump, and pole vaulting, where form and timing are crucial, often resort to a different method of pre-game “psyching” called imaging or visualizing.
This does
not so much build aggressiveness as write a visual mental script to be followed in the contest to
come.
想赢得比赛是一种强大的动力。不仅教练员、管理者，而且运动员都研究过诸如最有效的领导模式和赛前压力最佳程度方面的问题。心理学家对此的看法也不同。但是部分专家认为民主式的领导会让运动员感到满意，而绝对权威式的领导则能带来“结果”。
许多心理研究
表明，女性运动员容易将失败归咎于自身的努力不足或者缺乏斗志，而男性运动员则将失败归咎于运气不好或者对手太强大等外部因素。人们同样认为，赛前理想的压力度是在过度放松和过分紧张之间，而且还要部分取决于运动项目。比如，射箭要想出好成绩，就不需要有打橄榄球赛前那种咄咄逼人的气势。而在诸如高尔夫球、网球、跳水和撑杆跳这些运动中，把握状态和时机则非常重要。运动员运用一种通常称作“映像”或“想象”的心理方法。这种方法注重赛前在大脑中预演动作要领，做好充分准备，而不仅仅是一种咄咄逼人的气势。 参与并取胜，这就是奥林匹克精神。它表现于弱者敢于向强者挑战，也表现于强者力争取更好的成绩。胜而又胜，优而更优，这种理想一直鼓舞着运动员奋力前进。他会尽其所能，永不松懈，永不罢休。有人说，竞技者终究会是失败者，即使最佳运动员也终究被更强者淘汰。成千上万个失败者中才能涌现一个胜利者，这个胜利者最终仍将被取代，挤出光荣榜-这就是竞技运动的规律。然而运动员却从不为这种不可避免的失败结局而沮丧，仍然力争最佳发挥。实在到了自知技穷之时，他会愉快地退下来，让位给年轻的优胜者，并对自己在奥林匹克运动中争取更好成绩尽了一份力而心满意足。他会自豪地说他的青春没有虚度。人生能有几回搏！生命有限，竞技生命更是短暂的。运动员比任何人都更深刻地认识到时光易逝，机会难得。
To participate and to win — that is the Olympic spirit.
It finds expression in/is demonstrated in
the weak daring to defy/challenge the strong, and strong striving for ever better performance.Even better — the ideal always luring/encouraging a sportsman forward.
He will do everything
he can/exert to his utmost/spare no effort, never relax, never give up. It is said that none of the competition can avoid being defeated — even the best is bound to be surpassed by someone still stronger.
This is the rule of sports — thousands of losers to set off one victor who in turn will
However, undaunted/Never
eventually be replaced by someone on the honor list.
depressed/losing heart by the inevitable failure, he is always striving to do the best he can.
When
the time comes and he knows he can’t, he will step down happily to give place to the younger winner, aware contentedly of the fact that he has done his bit/played his part for the “even better” records of the Olympic Games.
He will say proudly that he has not lived his youth in vain.
Chances to compete for championship are few and far between. Life is short. Still short is the time for an athlete trying to win games. None other than an athletic contestant feels so keenly about the rarity of opportunity and the fleeting of time.