c. 作介词宾语，如：Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours. 你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。 d. 作主语补语，如：The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
9. 条件状语从句
概念: 在复合句中，由从句表示的状语叫做状语从句。它可以用来修饰主语中的动词.形容词.副词等。根据它表达的意思，状语从句可以分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句和让步状语从句等。由连接词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。（注意：在含有条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是一般将来时态，从句要用一般现在时[主将从现原则])
经典语句：If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo. If you open the door，i will come in.
条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会??”, 常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导 连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。. 主句用一般将来时，if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。 固定搭配：unless = if...not.
e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk. if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:
真实条件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.
非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：If I were you, I would go with him. so/as long as只要 由as (so) long as, in case引导。
So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。 You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。
10. (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点 few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。 He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。 He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。 We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。 There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。 Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。
11. 现在完成时
意义: 补充过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果或过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态
句型: 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）
1 、规则动词：
规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 \变为 \，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied , cry---cried---cried , play---played---played , stay---stayed---stayed
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词：
AAA型: cost cost cost
cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set set let let let
AAB型: beat beat beaten ABA型: become became become run ran run
come came come 特殊情况: read read read
read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
ABB型: bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built find found found hear heard heard keep kept kept lose lost lost make made made
meet met met sell sold sold sit sat sat
stand stood stood teach taught taught tell told told
think thought thought win won won
ABC型: begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown know knew known shake shook shaken sing sang sung swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written
用法:
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.
注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy, die, join, lose??）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词
come-be go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead
a) 用持续性动词代替终止性动词
1.have代替buy: My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow: I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become: How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold: Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词 1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill 3、be＋dead代die
4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 1“be＋on”代start, begin 2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at?相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back 3. have come/gone out →have been out 4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open 6. have got up → have been up； 7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep； 10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over； 11. have married → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ； 13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had 15. have lost → haven’t had 16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold； 18. have got to know → have known 19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier?
注意：
1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.
2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.