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Butwhenitcomestomedicine,Ihadassumeditwasimportanttoalwaysbehonestwithmypatients.Afteral,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisbasedontrust,andthereforehonestyisessential.Or so I thought.
I had just started work in gingeriatrics(老年病科). Mr.McMahon was brought in when his belywasfoundveryswolen.Itookamedicalhistoryfrom hisdaughterwho?daccompaniedhim
intheambulance.She?dbeenhismaincarerforyears.Istoodlookingathimasshegaveadetailedhistory.“Hashelostanyweightrecently?”Iasked.“Wel,it?sfunnyyoushouldmentionthat,butyes,”shesaidslowly.Therewassilenceforafewmoments.“Why?Whatareyouworriedabout?”sheasked.Ihesitated.ShewasobviouslyveryinvolvedinhiscareanditwasonlyfairthatItoldherthetruth.“Wel,weneedtoproveit?snotcancer,”IsaidandtalkedbrieflyaboutsomeofthetestsIwasgoingtoorder.
Halfanhourlater,anursecaledme:“Mr.McMahon?sdaughterbrokedown—shesaidyoutoldherhehadcancer.”Myheartsank.BythetimeIarrivedattheward,myconsultantwasalreadythere,explainingthatwestilhadtorunlotsoftestsandthatitwasbynomeansconfirmedthathehadcancer.Istoodsilentlyattheendofthebed.MyconsultantwasobviouslyangrywithmeandasweleftMr.McMahon,sheturnedtome.“Whyonearthdidyoudothat?”sheaskedindisbelief.Ilookedatherandbitmylip.“SheaskedmewhatIwasworriedaboutandItoldher,”Isaid,hangingmyhead.“Andgivehermoreto worry about?” replied
myconsultant.“Youdon?tsaytheword?cancer?untilit?sconfirmed.Evenifyoususpectit,thinkverycarefulybeforeyoutelpeople.”
Asitturnedout,itwasn?tcancer.ButIdidlearnthatwhensomeoneisstressedandworried abouttheir loved one
they?resometimesselectiveinwhattheyhear—andasadoctorit?simportanttobemindfulofthis.Inbeingtruthful,I?dmadethesituationworse.51.Thepurposeofthefirsttwoparagraphsistoshowthattheauthor______.
A.misunderstood thedoctor-patient relationship B.wasanxioustoreceiveChristmasgifts C.regardedhonestyasthebestpolicy
D.hadanunhealthyeatinghabit52.Theauthor?sconsultantwasangrywithhimbecause______.
A.hetoldthedaughterwhathesuspected B.hedelayedrunningthenecessarytests
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D.heforgotwhattheconsultanthadadvised53.Theauthorhunghishead(theunderlinedpartinPara.4)becausehewasfeeling______. A.guiltyB.hurt C.disappointed
D.helpless54.Whatlessonhastheauthorlearntfromhisexperience? A.Learningfromparentsisnecessary. B.Jumpingtoaconclusionisdangerous.
C.Telingthetruthmaynotalwaysbethebestsolution. D.Selectingpleasantwordsmaynotbetheperfectpolicy. B
Howlingisabehaviourcommonlyobservedamongawolfpack.Aspackanimals,wolvesworktogethertohuntandrelyonhowlingasanimportantmeansofcommunicationamongeachother.Therearedifferentexplanationsofawolf?showlanditappearsthattheremaybemoretodiscover.
Onetheoryisthatwolveshowltobondbettertogether.It?salmostasifhowlingtogetherhelpsthepackstaytogether.Perhapssomethingsimilartopeoplefeelingasenseofinvolvementwitheachotherwhensingingasongtogether.Butthistheorymaybewrong,explainsFredH.Harrington,aprofessorwhostudieswolfbehaviour.
Indeed,therehavebeentimeswhenwolveshavebeenseenonemomenthowlinginachorus,andthenext,quarrelingamongeachother.Itappearsthatusualythelowest-rankingmembersofthepackmayactualybe“punished”forjoininginthechorusattimes.Soishowlingawaytostrengthenasocialbondorjustawaytoreconfirmstatusamongitsmembers?—Whydowolveshowlforsure?
Whatisclear,however,isthathowlingisoftenusedamongpackmatestolocateeachother.Huntinggroundsaredistantandithappensthatwolvesmayseparatefromoneanotherattimes.Whenthishappens,howlingappearstobeanexcelentmeansofgathering.
Howling,interestingly,isacontagiousbehaviour.Whenonewolfstartstohowl,verylikelyotherswilfolow.Thisisoftenseentooccurinthemorning,asifwolvesweredoingsomesortof“rolcal”wherewolvesalhowltogethertoreporttheirpresence.55.Whatisthepossiblesimilaritybetweenwolves?howlingtogetherandhumans?singinginchorus? A.Theactofcalingeachother.
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D.Thesenseofbelongingtoagroup.56.WhydoesHarringtonthinkthe“socialbond”theorymaybewrong?
A.Wolvesseparatefromeachotherafterhowling. B.Wolvestendtoprotecttheirhuntinggrounds.
C.Wolvessometimeshavequarrelsafterhowlingtogether.
D.Wolvesoflowrankareencouragedtojoininthechorus.57.Researchersaresurethatwolvesoftenhowlto______. A.showtheirranks B.findtheircompanions C.reportthemissingones
D.expresstheirloneliness58.“Howling…isacontagiousbehaviour”(inthelastparagraph)means______.
A.howlingisasignalforhunting B.howlingisawayofcommunication C.howlingoftenoccursinthemorning D.howlingspreadsfromonetoanother C
Intoday?sthrow-awaysociety,dealingwiththecity?sgrowingmountainofwasteisanincreasingchalengeforthecitycouncil (市议会).
Recently,Edinburghisfacedwiththeproblemofdisposingof(处
理)about250,000miliontonsofwasteayear.Despitedifferentwaystodisposeofmuchofitinagreenmanner—largelythroughencouragingrecycling—itsagingfacilitiessuchasthePowderhallandfildonothavetheabilitytodealwithit.
TheEuropeanUnion(EU)hasissuedanewpolicy,regulatinghowsuchmountainsofwastearetobedisposedof.Thefivecouncils(Edinburgh,East Lothian,West Lothian,MidlothianandBorders)facefinesaround
￡18milionayearfrom2013iftheydon?tincreaserecyclinglevelsandrelylessonlandfil.Withthisinmind,thecouncilsgottogetherwiththeideaofbuildingalargeincineratorplant(垃圾焚烧
厂)toburnhalfofthewasteproducedintheirdistricts.ButthisplanfelapartafterthechangeoftargetlevelsbyanewUKgovernmentwastepolicywhichrequiredthatnomorethan25%ofthecity?swasteshouldbedisposedofinthiswayby2025.
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Aftertheplanwasabandoned,aprivatecompanywhichalreadytransportedmilionsoftonsofthecity?swastebytraintoalandfilsitenearDunbar,offeredanalternativesolutionwhenitsuggestedopeningahugewastesitenearPortobelo.
SincePowderhalissupposedtoclosein2015,itseemednecessaryforthemembersoftheEdinburghCounciltoacceptthesuggestion.Butsoontheyturneditdown—after700localobjectionsreachedthem—becauseitwouldhavemeanthundredsoflorriesadaymakingloudnoisethroughheavilypopulatedareas.
Thatstilleavesthecouncilwithaproblem.By2013,only50%of1995levelsofwastewilbealowedtobesenttolandfil.Evenifrecyclingtargetsaremet,therewilstilbealargeamountofrubbishtobeburntup.Due to this,Edinburgh and
Midlothiancouncilshavenowdecidedtoworktogethertobuildanincineratorplantastimetofindasolutionisfastrunningout.59.ThemainwayofhandlingwasteinagreenmannerinEdinburghis______. A.recycling B.restoring C.burying
D.burning60.Thefivecouncilsworkedoutaplantobuildanincineratorplantto______. A.reducethecostofburyingwaste B.meettheEUrequirements C.speedupwasterecycling
D.replacelandfilsites61.ThecitycouncilofEdinburghrejectedthesuggestiontoopenahugelandfilsitenearPortobelobecause______. A.itcamefromaprivatecompany B.thecouncilwasnotinterestedinit C.itwasnotsupportedbyEU
D.thelocalpeoplewereagainstit62.WhatisthefinaldecisionofEdinburghandMidlothiancouncils?
A.Toopenanewlandfilnearby.
B.ToclosethePowderhallandfilin2015. C.Tosetupaplantforburningwaste. D.Topersuadepeopletoreducetheirwaste. D
Feelingblueabouttheworld?“Cheerup,”sayssciencewriterMattRidley.“Theworldh
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Ridleycalshimselfarationaloptimist—rational,becausehe?scarefulyweighedtheevidence;optimistic,becausethatevidenceshowshumanprogresstobebothunavoidableandgood.Andthisiswhathe?ssetouttoprovefromauniquepointofviewinhismostrecentbook,TheRationalOptimist.Heviewsmankindasagrandenterprisethat,onthewhole,hasdonelittlebutprogressforl00,000years.Hebackshisfindingswithhardfactsgatheredthroughyearsofresearch. Here?showheexplainshisviews. 1)Shoppingfuelsinvention
ItisreportedthattherearemorethantenbiliondifferentproductsforsaleinLondonalone.Evenalowingforthemanypeoplewhostilliveinpoverty,ourowngenerationhasaccesstomorenutritiousfood,moreconvenienttransport,biggerhouses,bettercars,and,ofcourse,morepoundsanddolarsthananywholivedbeforeus.Thiswilcontinueaslongasweusethesethingstomakeotherthings.Themorewespecializeandexchange,thebetteroffwe?lbe.
2)Briliantadvances
Onereasonwearericher,healthier,taler,cleverer,longer-livedandfreerthaneverbeforeisthatthefourmostbasichumanneeds—food,clothing,fuelandshelter—havegrownalotcheaper.Takeoneexample.In1800acandleprovidingonehour?slightcostsixhours?work.Inthe1880sthesamelightfromanoillamptook15minutes?worktopayfor.In1950itwaseightseconds.Todayit?shalfsecond. 3)Let?snotkilourselvesforclimatechange Mitigating (减
轻)climatechangecouldprovejustasdamagingtohumanwelfareasclimatechangeitself.Achildthatdiesfromindoorsmokeinavilage,wheretheuseoffossil-fuel (化石燃料)electricityisforbiddenbywel-meaningmembersofgreenpoliticalmovementstryingtosavetheworld,isjustasgreatatragedyasachildthatdiesinafloodcausedbyclimatechange.Ifclimatechangeprovestobemild,butcuttingcarboncausesrealpain,wemaywelfindthatwehavestoppedanose-bleedbyputtingatourniquet(止血带)aroundournecks.63.WhatisthethemeofRidley?smostrecentbook? A.Weaknessofhumannature. B.Concernaboutclimatechange. C.Importanceofpracticalthinking.
D.Optimismabouthumanprogress.64.HowdoesRidleylookatshopping?
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