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Note: Whoa is specifically used to show that people are surprised or think something is very impressive. It can be used in different contexts. For example: ﹒
To describe something that you’re not quite sure how to describe: That car is so cool, it’s like, whoa.
To express surprise: Whoa! It’s really amazing!
To indicate a desire to end what someone is talking: Whoa, OK, that’s enough. 6. And that was it. (Para. 4)
Meaning: And that was everything she said, without even mentioning any details of her wonderful experience in Europe.
That was it.: often used in conversation to say that sth. is completely finished or that a situation cannot be changed 就这样（指某事彻底结束或形势不能更改） That was it. I could no longer hope for a promotion, and my boss didn’t even want to see me again. 就这样吧，我的升职再也没指望了，我的老板甚至不想再见到我。 That’s it. There is nothing more we can do. 就这样吧，我们也再没有别的办法。 7. distinguished, distinctive, distinct
这三个词词形相近，但意思有很大的差别，不能互换使用。 1) distinguished指“卓越的；杰出的；著名的”。
例如： His grandfather had been a distinguished university professor. 他的祖父曾是一位杰出的大学教授。
2) distinctive指“（特征、性格或外表）独特的，有明显不同的”。强调“表示差别的”、“有特色的”、“特殊的”。
例如： Irene had a very distinctive voice. 艾琳有一个非常独特的声音。 Can you find the distinctive watermarks of this stamp? 你能看到这枚邮票上明显的水印吗？ Pupils in Hong Kong usually have distinctive badges on their school uniforms. 在香港，小学生的校服上常戴有颇具特色的徽章。 3 )distinct表示“分明的；明了的；清楚的”。
例如： I have the distinct feeling that my friend did not realize what was happening. 我明显感到我朋友并未察觉所发生的一切。
The photo you took in Hong Kong Cultural Centre is not distinct enough. 你在香港文化中心拍的那张照片不够清晰。
She has a distinct pronunciation. 她的发音清楚。
There is a distinct smell of smoke in my room. 我的房间里有一股明显的香烟味。 distinct的另一个词义是“明显不同的；有区别的”。例如： Our interests were quite
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distinct from those of them. 我们的兴趣与他们的兴趣截然不同。
现将distinct和distinctive 用在一个句子里，以便区分： One of the distinctive features of this book is its distinct illustrations. 这本书很明显的特点之一就是其具有清楚明了的图解。 8. proclaim, claim
1) proclaim是正式宣告或公开宣告，“宣告”的中文意思比“声明”要严肃。例如： The government has proclaimed a new law. 政府已公布了一项新法令。 They proclaimed that he was a traitor. 他们宣称他是叛徒。 The ringing bells proclaimed the birth of the prince. 响亮的钟声宣布了王子的诞生。 2) claim是根据权利声明，根据权利要求索赔，根据权利认领。
(1) 声称；断言；主张。例如： They claim to have discovered a cure for the disease. 他们声称已经发现了治疗此病的方法。 She claimed that the ring was stolen, not lost. 她声言那只戒指是被偷的,而不是遗失的。
(2) 要求；索赔。例如： The old man claimed the land. 老人要求得到这块土地。 I claim payment from my friend. 我要求我的朋友付款。
9.exposure是动词expose的名词形式，动词expose常用于短语be/get exposed to中，表示“接触；体验”。
例如： Some children are never exposed to classical music. 有些孩子从来没有接触过古典音乐。
Having been exposed to all kinds of dangers in the forest, the girl felt helpless and began to cry. 那个女孩在森林里体验了各种危险后，感到很无助，就哭了起来。 10. adequate, abundant
1) adequate表示“在数量或质量上足以满足特定的标准”，强调刚好够用、没有多余。
例如：He doesn’t earn a large salary but it is adequate for his needs. 他挣钱不多，但也够用了。
2) abundant表示“充裕；绰绰有余”，强调数量很多或充足有余。 例如： We have abundant proof of his guilt. 我们有他犯罪的充分证据。 Collocation note: In Paragraph 7, we have two collocation pairs with the same word: advanced/proper vocabulary for our attention. 11. adjust, adapt
1) 当表示“适应…环境”时，adjust和adapt差不多。常与to搭配。可以说adjust (sth./oneself ) to sth.和adapt (sth./oneself ) to sth.。其中adjust和adapt互为同义词。例如： Once you get to the United States, you will have to adjust yourself to a
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completely new lifestyle. 一旦你到了美国，你就需要进行调整，以适应美国全新的生活方式。
The children found it hard to adapt to the new school. 这些孩子们发现很难适应这所新学校。
The body adjusts itself to changes of temperature. 身体会自行适应温度的变化。 Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. 智力寻求的是理解、运用、整合和调节，而才学是审视、思考、探究、形成理论、批判和想象。
2 )adjust作及物动词用时，还有“调节；使…适合；校准”之意，而adapt不表示此意。 例如： adjust a radio (dial) 调准收音机的选台指针 adjust color on a TV 调整电视的色彩 adjust one’s tie in a mirror 照镜子整理领带 adjust a telescope to one’s eyes 调节望远镜使之适合眼睛观看 adjust a clock 调准时钟
3) adapt作及物动词时，还有“（改装）使适合；改编”之意，其同义词是modify，不是adjust。例如： These teaching materials can be adapted for older children. 这些教材修订一下可以给大一点的孩子用。 He adapted his old car engine to the boat. 他把他的旧汽车上的引擎用到那只船上。
12. beneficial常与to连用，引出对谁有利、有帮助、有用。
例如： Cycling is highly beneficial to health and the environment. 骑自行车对身体和环境都大有裨益。
Collocation note: In Paragraph 7, we have come across competent communication and here we have precise communication and beneficial communication. In Paragraph 2 of Text B careful readers will not miss adequate communication skills. For more collocation pairs, please refer to the notes on collocation for this unit.
Difficult sentences
1. If I am the only parent who still corrects his child’s English, then perhaps my son is right. To him, I am a tedious oddity: a father he is obliged to listen to and a man absorbed in the rules of grammar, which my son seems allergic to. (Para. 1)
Meaning: My son is probably right if there is no other parent like me who still corrects his child’s mistakes in English. To my son, I am a boring and strange father, who he has to listen to; I am also the one who pays lots of attention to grammar rules, which he doesn’t seem to like. 2 I think I got serious about this only recently when I ran into one of my former students, fresh from an excursion to Europe. \
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I asked, full of earnest anticipation.
2. The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture were captured in a condensed non-statement. (Para. 4)
Meaning: The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture were just described in one word rather than a complete statement because of her inability to choose appropriate words to express herself.
3. My student’s “whoa!” was exceeded only by my head-shaking distress. (Para. 4)
Meaning: My head-shaking distress at her inability to express properly was even greater than her slang term whoa, one word, which did not make any statement to describe the civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture.
Meaning beyond words: The word exceed states explicitly that the author’s worry about his student’s language inability was much more intense than her excitement. 4. I carefully asked, “My son, how is the bird flying?” “What’s wrong? Did I say anything incorrectly?” He got lost. “Great! You said incorrectly instead of incorrect. We use adverbs to describe verbs. Therefore, it’s flying so unsteadily but not so unsteady.” (Para. 8)
Meaning: On hearing what he said, I asked him cautiously how the bird was flying. My son didn’t have any idea about what was wrong, so he asked if he said anything incorrectly. By praising his correct use of incorrectly, I explained that unsteady is improperly used because an adverb is needed to describe a verb.
Meaning beyond words: From “I carefully asked” and “Great” we can see the way the father used to correct his son’s grammatical mistake is very encouraging. 5.Perhaps, language should be looked upon as a road map and a valuable possession: often study the road map (check grammar) and tune up the car engine (adjust vocabulary). Learning grammar and a good vocabulary is just like driving with a road map in a well-conditioned car. (Para. 11)
Meaning: Maybe, you should regard language as a road map and a very precious property you have. You should often look at the road map (review grammar) and make small changes to your car engine (improve vocabulary).
Meaning beyond words: The road map and the car are used metaphorically to mean that grammar and vocabulary are powerful devices that will enable you to freely explore in the language world.
6.While the road map guides your journey to your destination, an excellent
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vehicle helps you to fully enjoy all of the sights, sounds and experiences along the way. (Para. 12)
Meaning: Though the road map leads you to the place where you want to go, the well-conditioned/well-tuned car (vocabulary) enables you to completely enjoy your trip along the road.
Sentence structure note: while While can be used in a clause to introduce information which contrasts with information in the main clause.
For example: While most people look forward to retirement, some cannot bear the thought of becoming professionally inactive. 虽然大多数人盼望退休，可有些人想到没了工作就受不了。
While an effective language teacher can maximize students’ learning, a committed student can always enjoy learning. 虽然一个有效的语言老师能让学生最大限度地学到东西, 但是一个孜孜不倦的学生总是能对学习乐此不彼。
The south of the country grows richer and richer, while the north grows poorer and poorer. 这个国家的南方越来越富，但是北方却越来越穷。 7.I was, like, whoa! (Para. 17)
Meaning: I was really surprised and impressed by my son’s grammar knowledge. Meaning beyond words: The father was very proud of his son. The expression used here is to contrast with the one said at the beginning of the text when the author describes the incapability of the student’s language. Though both are in a surprised tone, the purposes are apparently different. By returning to the phrase from the beginning of the text: “…, like, whoa!”, the father is playing ball with this “condensed non-statement”. Using this word at the end of the text, therefore, reflects the author’s skillfully expressed humor.
Step Three Language application 45 minutes 1. Writing devices:
Simile
Simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like. Examples:
Learning grammar and a good vocabulary is just like driving with a road map in a well-conditioned car.
A poem: My Love Is Like A Red Red Rose
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