摘 要
变速器由传动机构和操纵机构组成，其基本功用是改变传动比，扩大驱动轮转矩和转速的变化范围，以适应经常变化的行驶条件，同时使发动机在有利的工况下工作，是汽车传动系的重要组成。变速器的结构要求对汽车的动力性、燃料经济性、换档操纵的可靠性与轻便性、传动平稳性与效率等都有直接的影响。
本次设计的题目是奥腾皮卡变速器设计。依据皮卡相关参数可设计出基本符合要求的中间轴式手动变速器。中间轴式变速器由于具有体积小、原理简单、工作可靠、操纵方便等优点，故在大多数汽车中广泛应用。本设计研究中间轴式五档手动变速器，其目的主要是基于对机械原理、机械设计、AutoCAD等知识的熟练运用和掌握，同时运用汽车构造、汽车设计、材料力学等学科知识，对中间轴式变速器的各部件进行设计，并利用AutoCAD软件绘制装配图和零件图。本文将概述变速器的现状和发展趋势；对其工作原理进行阐述，选择合理的传动方案进行设计；确定各档传动比及齿轮参数选择；对变速器的各档齿轮和轴以及轴承做了详细的设计计算与校核；对同步器和操纵机构及箱体进行选择。
关键词：变速器；传动比；齿轮；轴；设计计算；校核
ABSTRACT
Transmission by the transmission and control mechanism, whose basic use is to change the gear ratio, wheel torque and speed to expand the range to meet the constantly changing driving conditions, while making the engine work in a favorable condition, a car assembly an important component parts. The structural requirements of the automobile transmission of power, fuel economy, shift control of the reliability and portability, stability and efficiency of transmission has a direct impact.
The subject of this design is the Austrian Teng pickup transmission design. Pickup based on the basic parameters can be designed to meet the requirements of the intermediate shaft manual transmission. Since the middle of transmission shaft is small, the principle is simple, reliable, and easy manipulation, it is widely used in most cars. The design of the middle axis five-speed manual transmission, its main purpose is based on mechanical principles, mechanical design, AutoCAD and other skilled use of knowledge and mastery, while the use of vehicle structure, automotive design, materials, mechanics and other disciplines of knowledge, on the intermediate shaft Transmission of the parts design and assembly drawing using AutoCAD software and part drawing. This paper will outline the status and development trend of transmission; its working principle described, a reasonable choice of transmission scheme design; to determine the file transmission gear ratio and parameters; on the transmission gears and shafts, and all files in detail the design bearing calculation and verification; on the synchronizer and the control mechanism and the selection box.
Key words: Transmission；Transmission Ratio； Gear；Shaft；Design and Calculation
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目 录
摘 要 .............................................................................................................................. I Abstract ............................................................................................................................. II 第1章 绪 论 ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1变速器简述 ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2变速器的研究现状与发展趋势 ............................................................................... 1 1.3变速器设计的研究方法与目的意义 ....................................................................... 2
第2章 皮卡主要参数与变速器结构方案的确定 ................................................ 4
2.1确定总质量 ............................................................................................................... 4 2.2选择发动机型号 ....................................................................................................... 5 2.3确定最高车速 ........................................................................................................... 5 2.4变速器传动机构的布置 ........................................................................................... 6
2.4.1两轴式变速器和中间轴式变速器的特点分析 ............................................ 7 2.4.2变速器倒档布置 ............................................................................................ 7 2.4.3各档齿轮位置安排 ........................................................................................ 8 2.5变速器齿轮形式与自动脱档分析 ........................................................................... 9
2.5.1齿轮形式 ........................................................................................................ 9 2.5.2变速器自动脱档分析 .................................................................................. 10 2.6本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 10
第3章 变速器主要参数的确定 ............................................................................... 11
3.1变速器档位数目及各档传动比的确定 ................................................................. 11
3.1.1变速器档位数目的确定 .............................................................................. 11 3.1.2主传动比的确定 .......................................................................................... 11 3.1.3变速器各档传动比的确定 .......................................................................... 12 3.2变速器中心距的确定 ............................................................................................. 14 3.3变速器的外形尺寸 ................................................................................................. 14 3.4齿轮参数的选择 ..................................................................................................... 15
3.4.1齿轮模数 ...................................................................................................... 15 3.4.2齿形、压力角及螺旋角 .............................................................................. 17 3.4.3齿宽 .............................................................................................................. 19 3.4.4齿顶高系数 .................................................................................................. 19 3.4.5齿轮的修正 .................................................................................................. 19 3.5各档齿轮齿数分配 ................................................................................................. 20
3.5.1确定一档齿轮齿数 ...................................................................................... 20 3.5.2对中心距A进行修正 .................................................................................. 21 3.5.3确定常啮合齿轮副齿数 .............................................................................. 22 3.5.4确定其他各档齿轮齿数 .............................................................................. 24 3.5.5确定倒档齿轮齿数 ...................................................................................... 29 3.6本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 31
第4章 变速器齿轮设计及校核 ............................................................................... 32
4.1齿轮材料的选择 ..................................................................................................... 32 4.2各轴的转矩计算 ..................................................................................................... 33 4.3齿轮强度校核 ......................................................................................................... 34
4.3.1轮齿的弯曲应力 .......................................................................................... 34 4.3.2轮齿的接触应力 .......................................................................................... 36 4.3.3各档齿轮的强度校核 .................................................................................. 37 4.4计算各档齿轮的受力 ............................................................................................. 44 4.5本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 47
第5章 变速器轴和轴承的设计及校核 ................................................................. 48
5.1轴的设计 ................................................................................................................. 48
5.1.1轴的设计要求及结构设计 .......................................................................... 48 5.1.2轴的尺寸设计 .............................................................................................. 49 5.2轴的校核 ................................................................................................................. 51
5.2.1轴的刚度校核 .............................................................................................. 51 5.2.2轴的强度校核 .............................................................................................. 56 5.3轴承的选择及校核 ................................................................................................. 61
5.4本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 66
第6章 同步器的选择 ................................................................................................. 67
6.1锁销式同步器 ......................................................................................................... 67 6.2锁环式同步器 ......................................................................................................... 68 6.3本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 69
第7章 操纵机构与箱体的选择 ............................................................................... 70
7.1操纵机构的选择 ..................................................................................................... 70
7.1.1变速操纵杆的布置 ...................................................................................... 70 7.1.2换档锁装置 .................................................................................................. 71 7.2变速器箱体的设计 ................................................................................................. 73 7.3本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 73
结 论 ........................................................................................................................... 74 参考文献 ........................................................................................................................... 75 致 谢 ........................................................................................................................... 76 附 录 ........................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。