Unit 13 Book 1
Practice：
她不是被解雇的，而是自动离职的。
She wasn't fired — she left voluntarily.
这家公司主动召回该产品，以检查其缺陷。
The company has voluntarily recalled the product to check for defects.
IV. Exercises for integrated skills
1. Dictation
For a lot of people, / the word ―failure‖ carries with it / a feeling of coming to an end, / but for the successful leader, / failure is a beginning, / a seed of hope. / Leaders don’t allow themselves / to be held prisoner by the fear of failure. / They don’t even use the word ‖failure,‖. / instead they rely on words like ―false start, / never failure.‖/
The lesson understood by captains of industry / is that failure equals learning. / While we can’t say that they exactly welcome failure, / they are uniform in their ability to profit from it. / They use the healthy energy coming from failure / to reach higher goals. / Almost every ―false step‖ is regarded as an opportunity / and not as the end of the world.
2. Cloze
Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate.
About a year and a half ago, Jim developed a lump on his forehead and underwent surgery to have it removed. At that time, his doctors believed that it was (1) not a cancer. Later, more tumors appeared, and more surgery (2) followed. Several months ago, Jim found out that the tumors have spread throughout his body and that (3) even with treatment, he would have a short life. (4) Since that time he has steadily grown weaker and has been able to do less and less; (5) yet he has shown remarkable courage in the way he has (6) faced this loss and his dying. Jim has always disliked (7) hospitals, so he chose to remain at home, in more personal surroundings. As long as he was able, he read (8) widely and continued to write in his diary about his thoughts and feelings on living and dying. With his friends, he played his guitar and sang songs that he had written. He (9) maintained an active interest in life and in things around him, (10) without denying the fact that he was dying. Tip:
1) not: Here you can use a word used to make a statement negative. 2) followed: Here you can use a word meaning ―do sth. after sth. else‖. 3) 4) 5) 6)
even: Here you can use a word meaning ―despite‖. Since: After that time, he grew weaker.
yet: Here you can use a word meaning ―however‖. faced: Here you can use a word meaning ―confront‖.
7) hospitals: He wanted to stay home and does not like hospital. 8) widely: He read a lot during that time.
9) maintained: Here you can use a word meaning ―keep‖.
10) without: Here you can use a word meaning ―not having sth.‖.
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Unit 13 Book 1
VI. Writing Practice
1. Sentence Emphasis
In a sentence, there are always some ideas that are more important than others, and thus should be put in important positions so as to be emphasized. The use of emphasis in individual sentences is particularly important, because it is the means by which you call the reader’s attention to the relatively important ideas in your writing. Ideas can be emphasized in following ways:
A. Position
Important ideas can be highlighted by being put in emphatic positions in the sentence. The beginning of a sentence can pull a key idea out for special attention. However, the most emphatic position in the sentence is the end, the next emphatic position at the beginning, and the least emphatic position in the middle. Example:
Not emphatic: Total deafness is worse than total blindness, however, in many ways. Emphatic: Total deafness, however, is in many ways worse than total blindness.
B. Periodic sentence
Sentences differ in how tightly they subordinate related material to a main point. A loose sentence is one in which the main idea comes first, and the less important ideas or details follow. A periodic sentence, on the other hand, is one in which the main thought is held suspended until the end or near the end, when it is suddenly released. The periodic sentence is usually emphatic and conclusive because the weight of the statement falls on the long-awaited predication.
Example:
Loose: Richard Wagner became one of the most successful composers of all time in spite of the jeers of his contemporaries.
Periodic: Richard Wagner, though jeered at by his contemporaries, became one of the most
successful composers of all time.
C. Climactic order
The climactic order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important. Ordering by decreasing importance may result in anticlimax and eventually lead to loss of emphasis. Example:
Not emphatic: The dean threatened me with failure in the course, with expulsion, and with the
loss of a parking space for my car.
Emphatic: The dean threatened me with the loss of a parking space for my car, with failure in the
course, and with expulsion.
D. Inversion
English sentences are usually of \order. Sometimes, however, for the purpose of emphasizing some important ideas or to keep a series of sentences in good balance, the natural order can be inverted, which is called the inverted order. Example:
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Unit 13 Book 1
Not emphatic: He has never been to the Great Wall.
Emphatic: Never has he been to the Great Wall.
E. Repetition
Intentional repetition, which is an effective device for securing certain kinds of attention from the reader, usually greatly adds to the force of expression and helps to gain emphasis. Example:
Not emphatic: We’ll work, fight for and die for freedom.
Emphatic: We’ll work for freedom; we’ll fight for freedom; we’ll die for freedom.
F. Active voice
Active verbs express meanings more emphatically and vigorously when they are used in the active voice than in the passive voice. Verbs in the passive voice lack strength because their subjects receive the action instead of doing it. So sometimes in order to make sentences more emphatic, the active voice is preferable. Example:
Not emphatic: No reason for her refusal to answer was given by the girl. Emphatic: The girl gave no reason for her refusal to answer.
G. Emphatic words, phrases and structures
There are words and phrases that may be used to emphasize other words. Emphatic words, phrases and cleft sentences can help gain emphasis. Example:
Not emphatic: I love the movie. Emphatic: I do love the movie.
2. Practice
Rewrite the following sentences to achieve greater emphasis in the way suggested in the brackets.
1. We can do so little alone; we can do so much together. (position)
Emphatic: Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much.
[Little and much are placed at the end of the clauses so as to receive emphasis.]
2. He who loses his mind loses all; he who loses a friend loses more; and he who loses money loses much. (climax)
Emphatic: He who loses money loses much; he who loses a friend loses more; and he who loses his mind loses all.
[The results go from the least serious to the most serious.]
3. Good friends are those who care about, cherish, and help each other. (repetition)
Emphatic: Good friends are those who care about each other, cherish each other, and help each other.
[Each other is repeated three times, which gives force to the ideas expressed in the sentence.]
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Unit 13 Book 1
4. We will be given a lecture by Professor Brown. (active voice)
Emphatic: Professor Brown will give us a lecture.
[The clumsy passive voice is changed into active voice.]
5. You must have a good command of at least one foreign language if you want to learn advanced
science and technology from foreign countries. (periodic sentence)
Emphatic: If you want to learn advanced science and technology from foreign countries, you must have a good command of at least one foreign language. [Readers may remember the ways instead of the conditions.]
6. We will not give up the plan under any circumstances. (inversion) Emphatic: Under no circumstances will we give up the plan. [The unusual order draws the reader’s attention.]
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