13. While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose… (1). While walking the dog = While you were walking the dog是一个由while引导的省略的时间状语从句。
【点拨】 在when/while引导的时间状语从句，where引导的地点状语从句，if/unless/once引导的条件状语从句，as/as if引导的方式状语从句，though/although/even if引导的让步状语从句中，若主从句主语相同，且从句谓语动词含有be动词的某种形式，则从句的主语和be动词可以省略；或者当从句主语为it，且从句谓语动词含有be动词的某种形式，这时省略it和be动词。
Eg. ① While reading a book, I heard a knock on the door.
② When taken into a warm house, a piece of ice becomes smaller and smaller until in the end it disappears completely.
③ Fill the blanks with a proper word where necessary. ④ Once seen, it will never be forgotten. ⑤ The workers just carried out the order as told. ⑥ Even if invited, I won’t go to the party. ⑦ Mr Green, though old, did the job very well. ⑧ We should speak English whenever possible. 请试着把以上省略的状语从句补充完整。
(2). get loose 变松 (“get + adj.”构成系表结构，意为“变得…”) Eg. It is getting darker and darker outside. ▲ “get + 过去分词”构成系表结构：
① 表示被动。Eg. get burnt被烫伤 get hurt受伤 get killed被杀 get caught被抓 ② 表示自身发出的动作。
Eg. get changed换衣服 get dressed穿衣服 get married结婚 get washed洗脸
▲ “get + v-ing” 构成系表结构：（意为“某人/某物开始做…”, 表示主动） Eg. get moving/working
14. You are taking your end-of-term exam. 你就要参加期末考试了。 现在进行时有时也用来表示按计划安排即将发生的动作,常有“意图”“安排”或“打算”的含义。
Eg. We are going to Mexico next Sunday. He is leaving for Shanghai.
▲ 一般现在时也可用来表示即将发生的动作，但常指按时刻表要发生的事情。
Eg. The train leaves London at six.
15. cheat vi. 作弊，欺诈eg. cheat in/on an exam 考试作弊 ▲ cheat vt. 欺骗，骗取
cheat sb.(out) of sth. 骗取某人某物cheat sb. into doing sth. 骗某人做某事 eg. They are cheating her out of money.
He cheated her into buying the fake diamond. 他骗她买了那颗假钻石。 16. should have done = ought to have done
表示“过去本来应该做某事而实际上没有做”，含有责备的意味。 Eg. You should have come here five minutes ago. The plant is dead. I should have given it more water.
▲ shouldn’t have done = oughtn’t to have done 表示“过去本来不应该做某事而实际上做了”。 Eg. They shouldn’t have left without saying goodbye. You shouldn’t have made such foolish mistakes. Part 2. Pre-reading, reading and comprehending 1. make a list of = list v. 列表，列单子
eg. They made a list of candidates （候选人）after discussion. make用法： make+宾语+宾语补足语
（1）“make＋宾语＋n.” 意为“使、让某人 / 某物(成为)……”。如： We made him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。
（2）“make＋宾语＋adj.” 意为 “使某人 / 某事(变得)……”。如： The news that our team had won made us very happy. 当宾语是不定式短语或从句时，多用it作形式宾语。如：
I made it a condition that everybody must be on time. 我提出一个条件，人人都要准时。 The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out. 大雨使得我们无法出去。
（3）“make＋宾语＋do sth.（不带to的不定式）”意为 “使某人做某事”。如:
Our teacher makes us feel more confident. 老师使得我们感到更自信了。 在被动语态中，此类结构中省略的动词不定式 to 要还原。如：
The boy was made to work twelve hours a day. 这个男孩被迫每天干十二个小时的活。
相关链接：have, make, let等使役动词和see, hear, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe 等感官动词都可接不带to的不定式作宾补。help后可带to,也可不带to。如：
Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就让他干吧。 Did you see him go out? 你看见他出去了吗？
I often help my mother (to) do some housework. 我经常帮助妈妈做些家务。
（4）“make＋宾语＋Ｖ-ed（过去分词作宾补）”这个结构指宾语接受后面的那个动作，表示被动的意思，意为 “使某人 / 某事被……”。如：
The strange noise made us frightened. 奇怪的声音使我们感到恐惧。 The good news made us excited. 这个好消息使我们兴奋。
友情提示：通常情况下，make后的宾语是反身代词时，作宾补的动词要用过去分词，即：make oneself＋V-ed （heard, known, understood）。如：
He couldn't make himself heard above the noise of the traffic. 在交通嘈杂声中他无法使自己的声音提高到让别人听到。
但有时，根据句子意思也可用其他形式。如：
The little child stood on the chair to make himself look taller. 那个小孩儿站在椅子上，使他看上去更高些。
（ 5）“make+宾语+V-ing（现在分词）”这一结构表示的意思是“使某人 / 某事一直在……”。现在分词与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
He makes the boy standing all the time. 他让那个男孩一直站着。
常接V-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, make等使役动词。
现在分词作宾补和不带 to 的不定式作宾补的区别是：现在分词一般表示动作正在进行，而不带 to 的不定式则一般表示动作已经完成。如：
I saw him putting his hand into his pocket. (动作正在进行) I saw him put his hand into his pocket. (动作已经完成)
2. go through ① 经历，经受 All of them have gone through the war. ② 通过，穿过 This road goes through the forest.
③ 仔细检查，搜查 The police went through the building, hoping to catch the thief. ④ 做完，完成 go through (with) sth. eg. go through (with) the work
⑤ 用光，花掉 I have gone through all the envelopes (信封)I bought last week.
3. hide away ① vi. 躲藏起来
eg. The thief hid away in a friend’s house for several weeks after the robbery(抢劫).
② vt. 把 … 隐藏起来 eg. Why do you hide your thoughts away from me?
4. 总结conj. before 的用法:
① 在…之前 You’d better think it over before you make a decision. ② …之后才… We walked for nearly three hours before we arrived at the village.