初四英语学案5
一、复习内容：动词的语态
二、学习目标：1. 动词语态的构成 2. 动词语态的用法 三、重点难点：1. 动词各种时态的被动用法。
2. 被动语态的特殊情况 3. 不用被动的情况。 四、学习方法：自主学习、合作探究、师生互动 五、使用课时：3课时 六、学习导航
动 词 的 语 态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice）和被动语态（The Passive Voice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，例如：
Many people speak English . (主动语态) English is spoken by many people. (被动语态) 1、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。 时态 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 一般将来时 过去将来时 被动语态结构 1
现在完成时 过去完成时
2、被动语态的用法：
1）当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。 例如： This jacket is made of cotton.
English is spoken in many countries in the world.
2） 强调动作的承受者时。如：The boy（ ）at last.这个男孩最后得救了。
3） 主动语态变被动语态的步骤:
主动句: The boy broke the window yesterday.
被动句: --------------------------------------------------------------------. 步骤一：原句中的宾语（ ）变成主语。 步骤二：谓语动词broke改为被动形式：（ ）
步骤三：原句中的主语The boy放在介词（ ）的后面。 步骤四：其他成分如：yesterday不变。 4）在改写中应注意：
1.把原来的( )提到前面作被动语态的主语; 2.把动词变成( );
3.主动语态中的( )变为介词by的宾语。
5) 有两个宾语的句子的被动语态：
A. 可有两种被动语态的常用动词有：buy，give，leave，lend，offer，pay，teach，tell，show，等。 1. He gave me the book just now.
The book（ ） just now. = I（ ） just now.
2. They show the guard their passports at the entrance to the building. The passports（ ） by them at the entrance to the building.
= The guard （ ） by them at the entrance
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to the building.
B. 通常用直接宾语作被动语态主语的一些动词有: bring，do，make，pass，sell，send，sing，write，等。 1. He wrote her a letter.
（ ）. My mother made me a skirt.
（ ）. 6） 几种特殊结构
1.注意：see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make , listen to, look at等动词/短语后作宾语补语的不定式都不带to；但改成被动语态后必须带（ ）。
We often hear him play guitar． He is often heard to play guitar. 主动式表被动义
2。动词 (表示主语的属性特征) + 副词 (well/ badly/easily/smoothly),用主动式表被动义。 read, write, sell, wash, clean, wear, lock , open ,cook ,shut ,dry ,eat ,drink,… 1.The books ____ well．
A. were sold B. sell C. have sold D. are being sold 2.This kind of cloth ____ easily．
A. has washed B. was washed C. washes D. is washed
3.不定式在某些形容词后作状语,且和句子的主语(或宾语)构成动宾关系时,用主动式表被动义。
Difficult ,easy ,hard ,fit ,pleasant ,good , comfortable ,light ,heavy , safe,… 1.The fish is not fit _to eat_(eat)．
2. We find English is hard _to learn_ (learn)．
3.The article is difficult__ to understand_ (understand).
3.不定式作后置定语,与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系,又和该句主语(或宾语)构成主谓关系时,用主动式表被动义。 1.I have a lot of homework ______(do)． 2.I’ll give him some books ______ (read)．
4表示状态特征的连系动词+adj./n.,用主动式表被动义。 (look ,sound ,feel ,smell ,taste , prove, appear ,make,...) The steel feels cold．
5 表示“开始、结束、运动”的动词用主动式表被动义。 (begin ,open ,start ,stop ,end ,finish ,shut , move ,run,...)
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The shop opens at 6 am. every day．
6. 作“需要”讲的want/need/require后接动名词作宾语时，用主动式表被动义；当然也可接不定式的被动式作宾语。
( need )=（need ） Your jacket needs washing/ to be washed 7.） 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：
第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 ——Do you like the material? ——Yes, it feels very soft. 误：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 误：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.
第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：
He entered the room and got his book.
? 误：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 误：Her hand was had burned.
第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building.
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误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
1) When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 误：The sun had already been risen.
2) After the earthquake, few houses remained. ?误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself English.
?误：Myself was taught English. We love each other. ?误：Each other is loved.
11. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，如：
据说……It is said that… 据报导……It is reported that… 据推测……It is supposed that… 希望……It is hoped that…
众所周知……It is well known that… 普遍认为……It is generally considered that… 有人建议……It is suggested that…
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