山于全站仪首先具有强大的数据采集功能代替了光学经纬—仪采集数据的不足,并能为绘制数字地形图提供保障,因此它的第一方面的应用是对野外数据的采集,能为绘制数字地形图提供保障。全站仪与各种测绘软件的结合使用,可以使出图效率大大提高,减轻内外业的劳动强度,同时也提高了产品的质量,并使测绘产品形式多样化。全站仪能满足不同部门对数据共享的需求,具有广泛性,同时也能使数据管理一体化,采集信息一体化全站仪具有强大的数据采集、数据存储以及与计算机互传信息的功能。
在测量工作自动化的进程中起着重要作用。在工程测量中,比较传统的是经纬仪测量,随着时代的发展,全站仪已经越来越普遍的应用于工程测量中,这是因为全站仪的特点是自动化程度高,测量速度快,观测精度高,性能稳定,它可进行多种测量作业 ：1.断面测量导线测量2.偏心测量3.悬高测量4.习对边测量5.放样测量。
四、 全站仪在工程测量中应用的优势
4.1自动设定方位角功能
通过给定的后视点方位角 ,按输人键全站仪可直接设定方位角。如后视点方位角未知 ,可先输人测站点 A的坐标值,和后视点B的坐标值，再照准后视点,然后只需按一下功能键,仪器就会自动计算并设定后视点的方位角,利用其自身的编程和存储功能按上述公式实现方位角的自动计算。计算的过程后视点的方位角。
4.2直接进行坐标放样
全站仪主机架设在测站点上,棱镜架设在后视点上,输入测站点坐标、高程、仪器高、温度及后视点坐标或方位角。后视点架好仪器后进行检测后视点坐标 检查原有点位的正确性及其误差值。然后进行照准目标棱镜的测量,初测以后,仪器给出距离差,即可把坐标点位放样到实地。如各种工程各样曲线上的坐标放样,道路弯道的坐标点放样,不必反算直接放样,简单、省事。
4.3进行坐标换算
有些直线建筑物在施工测量时 需要进行坐标换算 比如利用全站仪可以将施工区内常用的平面控制网点、蓝图设计坐标点,通过坐标轴平移、旋转、换算为以工程轴线为竖轴,零点桩号为坐标原点 ,以工程桩号、轴线距为纵横坐标的新坐标系一轴线坐标用全站仪换算后的轴线坐标,在工程断面、平面中的位置,比控制网坐标更明确、直观。仪器显示的坐标数据,不用计算,可直接画图。
4.4支点快、后方交会方便
如果在已知点上,测区不完全通视 ,第一,在已知点上测支点,求出三维坐标,再作测站。第二测区能看到四个控制网点,可直接到测区设站进行后方交会,如果使用有后方交会计算程序的全站仪,观测结束 ,仪器即显示测站点坐标。精度可根据需要,达到一定的测角精度,只要图形好,测角中误差+6,点位中误差之14mm。
五、结语:
通过对不同工程测量方法和全站仪的应用特点、测量原理以及优势的分析，归纳。发现了把全站仪应用到工程测量中的可能和优点。利用全站仪测量精度高、速度快、节省人工，受施工条件和外界影响小等优点可以更加细致和完善的保证工程测量，提高测量的精度降低了误差和消耗解决了很多有人为因素引起的不确定性。充分适应了当下对于工程测量技术提升的需求，为工程测量的发展做出了至关重要的贡献。充分利用好新技术新方法多学科结合才是工程测量在未来的发展方向。
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附：英文参考文献
In contrast to that of 2005, this product survey on GNSS receivers does not reveal any remarkable technological break-throughs. Manufacturers are increasingly producing systems able to receive Navstar, Glonass and even Galileo signals.
This year we have replaced the term GPS (Global Positioning System) by GNSS, because GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) better describes the significance and use of these receivers. From providing only position (where am I?) the receivers have evolved into real navigation systems (how do I get to get where I want to go?) The receivers listed here represent the high-end segment of a pyramid-shaped market.
Like all electronic devices, GNSS receivers are becoming smaller and lighter; onboard software is performing better and faster, interfaces are becoming more transparent and the number of simultaneously tracked satellites is on the increase, all whilst the price remains the same or even falls. GNSS receivers are evolving into systems that gather all kind of information or, put in another way, GNSS receivers are becoming more and more integrated with other systems. Perhaps GNSS receivers that provide only position and time will disappear from the market with the growing need to simultaneously collect position, time and other types of information.
Just two decades ago, a receiver weighed over 25 kilos, was very voluminous, cost more than US$200,000 and was difficult to operate. As there were only a few satellites in orbit, the surveyor had to download an almanac to determine at which moment of the day a satellite constellation would enable calculation of a position. The modern GNSS receivers weigh less than a kilo, cost less than US$5,000 and perform significantly better than their predecessors. And since the total number of satellites will increase within a few years to number approximately seventy, downloading an almanac now belongs to surveying history.
The Technology in Focus feature on page 13 elaborates on the characteristics and development of GPS and Glonass.