1?词义句意题命题模式
（1）The phrase (word, sentence) “...” (in line...) most probably means . （2）By “...”, the wrier (probably ) means .
（3）What does the author probably mean by “...” in... paragraph? （4）The phrase (word, sentence) suggests .
（5）From the passage,we can infer that the word “...”is . （6）According to passage, what is “...” ? （7）When the author says that..., he means . 2?词义题的解题技巧
（1）根据上下文进行推理猜测
考生必须明确，不管所考的词语有多超纲，都能够通过上下文得出其意思；不管这个词有多熟悉，都必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。在克服畏惧心理的同时，也要避免直接用自己熟悉的意义去解释词义。对句子的理解也要通过前后关联的句子进行推测。比如利用前后的比较对照关系、利用文中给出的定义或对它进行的重述、利用所举的例子进行归纳、利用同义/近义/反义词、利用特殊标点符号等等。
Example
We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.(1997年 Passage 3)
The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean . [A] widespread [B] overwhelming [C] piercing [D] fashionable
所要解释的词pervasive后有冒号，起解释说明的作用。因此通过冒号后的内容就可以知道该词的含义。作者在冒号后面列举了物质在日常生活的各个方面的使用，因此可推知[A]选项“分布广泛的，普遍的”为正确答案。
（2）对超纲词含义的推断
生词是造成阅读困难的障碍之一。阅读短文中的词汇一般不超过大纲的词语范围，但也有5%左右的派生词和合成词，2%～3%的超纲词。对于部分超纲而且专业性较强的词，在较早的几年里命题者还曾给出过其汉语意思，如：1991年Passage 1中的chlorophyll（叶绿素）、carbohydrates（碳水化合物）；1992年Passage 2中的inertia（惯性），Passage 3中的hockey（曲棍球）；1993年Passage 1中的babbling（咿呀学语），Passage 2中的bureaucratic（官僚主义的），Passage 3中的monopoly（垄断）；1994年Passage 4中的pancreas（胰腺）、genes（基因），Passage 5中的mold（霉）。但是后来的命题趋势中取消了这种形式，其意图在于让考生更多地去猜测词语含义。其实很多短文中出现的超纲词汇并不影响对全文的理解，而且我们可以以下几种方法去猜测其含义。
①构词法：掌握常见的英语词根、词缀，通过分析生词的词根、前缀、后缀去推测词义。如：1996年Passage 5中的nonfundamentalist（非原教旨主义 non-非，不；fundament基础，基本原理；-al 形容词后缀；-ist?主义者）。
②词性加搭配：先判断生词在文章中的词性，再看它与哪些词语可以搭配，最后根据自
己的常识猜测其大概含义。
③找同义词、同义解释或反义词和反义解释：在上下文中找出生词的其他表达法，可能是近（反）义词、一个解释或一些暗示。
④找同位词：上下文中可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构，找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测。
考生可以适当记些词根词缀，以备不时之需。如： geo-：前缀，表示“地球”，如：geography：地理学, 地理；geology：地质学 ；geophysic：地球物理学；
hydro-： 前缀，表示“水”，“液体”，如：hydrobiology：水生物学；hydro-cooling：水冷法；hydro-mania：投水狂，自溺；hydroelectric：水电的；
over-：前缀，表示“越过，超过”，如：overcrowdedness：过于拥挤；overestimate：估计过高，过高评价；oversensitive：过于敏感；overplease：使过分高兴；overactive：过于活跃。
Example
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—
● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate—37?1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
● Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63?5 and 53?1 percent respectively.
Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 75 million people—about 9 per square mile.（1998年 Passage 4）
The word “demographers” (line 1, paragraph 8) most probably means . [A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states
[C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life
根据上下文demographers提到的两个例证都涉及人口，因此他们应该是 “人口统计研究方面的人”。[C]选项“研究人口的科学家，也就是人口统计学家”是该词的正确含义。同时，也可运用构词法的知识， demo=people, graph=write， -er指人。因而猜出它指“记录人口方面数据的人”。
（3）句意题解题技巧
试题中出现句意题时，考生需要根据上下文的内容联系去猜测句意；或将所考的句子与它的上下文进行关系对照，找出它与上下文的关系，如转折、并列、递进、解释说明等，然后针对不同的关系，对上下文采取取非、找同义等方法进行解题。
Example
It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3?5% in 1995? In fact, it fell to 2?6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan；over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.（1997年 Passage 5）
The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that.
[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time [B] the inflation rate will soon rise [C] the inflation will disappear quickly [D] there is no inflation at present
此题需要根据上下文推测句意。在This is no flash in the pan之前，作者给出近来美国、英国和日本的通货膨胀率都低于经济学家预期的数字；之后又指出在过去的几年，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预期的水平。由此可以推断，该句意思是“并非一时现象，并非是昙花一现”。 [A]选项“低通货膨胀率将会持续一段时间”符合题意。
（4）选项特点
正确选项特点：第一，词义题中，不是熟词的常规含义。第二，句意题中，正确选项不含有意义过于绝对化的词语，而是使用不肯定语气词或意义解释深刻。
Example
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.（1994年 Passage 1）
In line 8,paragraph 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means . [A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes [B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes
[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased
[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes [A]、[B]选项都使用了带有绝对意义的词语，如never 和overstate因此可直接排除。[C]和[D]意义相近，但是[D]的意义更为深刻，因此可知[D]为答案。而且，此处的income不是常规词义“收入”，而是“收入的购买力”，故不可选答案[C]。
干扰项特点：第一，与所考词汇形似。第二，如果考的是熟词，含有常规词义的一般是错误选项。第三，根据命题原则，正确选项不会使用与原文过多相同的字眼，因此，对句子的解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一定是错误的。
（四）推理引申题
推理引申题主要测试考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力，要求考生领悟所读材料中句子之间的逻辑关系，并且根据材料提供的已知信息进行分析、归纳和推理。判断推理能力对深刻理解一篇文章十分重要，特别是理解作者字里行间的言外之意、作者的观点、写作意图和态度。命题专家在命制此类试题时通常要求考生对文章或段落进行深层推理和理解，不可能把试题的答案非常直接地暴露于选项中。因此考生应该注意把它与事实细节题区别开来，推理引申题必须以事实为依据，但是得出的结果又绝对不是事实本身，即不能“就事论事”。
推理引申题对一些基础比较薄弱的考生而言是一个难点，考生似乎对文章读懂了（可称之为“自我感觉良好”），然而在解题时却始终不知如何下手，试题也做得不好。这是考生没有领会命题专家设置推理引申试题的用意的缘故。事实上推理引申题考查的不仅是考生对字面意义的理解，更要求考生透过文章的字里行间去推测作者未明说而又意欲表达的含义。解此类题，考生应该根据文中的材料进行有关的判断、推理和引申。
广义的推理引申题涵盖的范围极其广泛。它既可以就总体信息也可以就具体或特定信息提问。总体提问通常包括文章主旨题、作者观点态度题；局部提问通常指段落主旨题、猜测词义/句意题。但是为了突出这四种出现频率很高且带有典型性的题型，我们下面谈到的推理引申题是排除以上情况的狭义概念。
1?命题模式
狭义的推理引申题题干中常有infer，imply，suggest，deduce，conclude等词出现，常见的命题模式有：
（1）It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence that... （2）We can infer (assume, deduce) that .
（3）Which of the following can (not) be inferred from the passage?
（4）It is implied (indicated, suggested) in the passage/the first paragraph/the second sentence/the example that .
（5）By... the author implies (suggests, indicates )that . （6）The passage implies in the passage that .
（7）The author suggests（indicates）in the passage that . （8）It can be concluded from the passage that .
（9）From the passage /the third paragraph/the last sentence/the example that... we can draw the conclusion that . （10）What conclusion can be drawn from the passage (the first paragraph, the last paragraph)?
引申推理题按照解题思路主要可以分为暗指题、推理题和结论题。 暗指题的特点是要求读者体味“言外之意”，信息只能从字里行间获得。对于这类试题，考生首先要分清是明述还是暗指，即言内还是言外；其次，要尽最大可能与命题者达成“共识”，因为命题人事先确定的答案不允许考生的认识有任何偏差；最后，要对文章中的有关事实和观点进行分析和研究，按照事实发展的逻辑次序，总结出合情合理的结论。
Example 1
If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. （1999年 Passage 5）
The author implies that the results of scientific research . [A] may not be as profitable as they are expected [B] can be measured in dollars and cents [C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern [D] are mostly underestimated by management 原句是个假设条件句，指出“假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的”。此处正话反说，作者的言外之意是，科学实验总有不可预测的现象，产生的结果也难以预测，因此不能肯定有效益。[A]选项“可能不像预料的那样有利可图”才是作者真正想要表达的含义。
Example 2
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this
educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”（1996年 Passage 4 ）
It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics . [A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge [B] shed light on disciplined school management [C] was brought about by privileged home training [D] owed a lot to the technological development 这里第二段的首句指出：敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势联系在一起。this往回复指前述的最后内容，也就是前一段末句谈到的“技工们有文化并且熟知算术、几何学、三角学”，从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而作者暗指的意思是[A]选项“它们很大程度上得益于数学”。
推理题与暗指题虽然有许多相似之处，但是其思路与方法更侧重于推理，主要测试考生的思维判断能力，即由已知的事实为依据去获得未知的信息。考生解题时首先要把握推理范围——大至段落或全文，小至词语或句子；其次要严格遵循逻辑规律，保持正确的思维过程和严密的逻辑；再次可以利用相关部分提供的事实、背景知识和常识去推理。
干扰项的特点：根据文章中某些事实亦可以推导，然而又答非所问。 （1）推断文章内容的含义和引申意思 Example
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.（2001年 Passage 4）
From Paragraph 4 we can infer that .
[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs [C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D] the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition
命题者设置的难点是第二句中定语从句的理解。原文谈到“目前难以预料，数家石油公司的合并是否会再次对竞争造成威胁。100年前美国的标准石油联合公司（Standard Oil Trust）被解散，就是因为当时人们担心它会对竞争构成威胁”，由此引申推理可知[D]项“标准石油联合公司可能曾对竞争形成过威胁”。此外，考生还需要注意，might have threatened是虚拟语气，表示对过去的推测。
（2）运用数字进行推理 Example
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.