资料NO.2 托福写作常见语法点 讲义
一、从句
英文的句子分为三种基本类型：简单句、并列句、复合句 逗号不可以连接两个句子
My name is sherry, i graduated from ZJ university（*）
Some prefer to leave their phones at home, they don’t want to be bothered when they are enjoying rest time. (*)
并列句是几个简单句用连词连接而成
常见连词：and, but, or, nor, so, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, notwithstanding, whereas...
1、简单句的五种基本类型
英语句子有长有短，结构有简有繁。从表面上看虽然千变万化，但从本质上说却有其内在的结构规律——简单句的五种基本句型。 主语+系动词+表语 主语+谓语 主语+谓语+宾语
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
2、所有的长难句都是由这五种基本句型转化而来
一般来讲，一个句子除了有主语和谓语之外，其他可能包含的成分还有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语。
其中，谓语比较特殊，只能由动词来充当。而其他成分则可以由词、短语、句子来充当。
当用一个完整的句子来充当另一个句子的某个成分时，即构成相应的从句。
? 主语从句
What i am reading is interesting. 完整的句子 what i am reading 做主语 ? 宾语从句
No one knows exactly whether there is life on other planets. 完整的句子 whether there is life on other planets做宾语 ? 表语从句
English is what i like most among all subjects. 完整的句子 what i like most among all subjects. ? 同位语从句
I love the saying that love, not time heals all wounds. 完整的句子love, not time heals all wounds做saying 的同位语
*idea，fact, belief等名词后常常带同位语从句
一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论，即梦是一种对我们潜意识里的欲望和恐惧所产生的内心深处的反映。
A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our subconscious desires and fears.
? 定语从句
先行词：被定语从句修饰的对象叫先行词（可以是单词、短语、句子） 关系词：重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。
限定性定语从句VS 非限定性定语从句
Smart card, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.
Behaviorists suggests that the child who is raised in an environment where there are
many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
? 状语从句
9类状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、方式、让步、比较、目的、条件 ? 表示“一??就??”
as soon as, once, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly...
hardly...when, scarcely...when, no sooner...than ? 表示原因
in that，seeing that, now that, considering that, given that due to, owing to，result from, because of Result in, lead to, contribute to ? 表示目的
lest（以免）， for fear that（生怕）， in case ? 表示结果
to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that ? 表示条件
suppose (that ), supposing that, providing/provided that, so long as, as long as, on condition that. ? 表示让步
for all， while置于句首， as倒装句
二、非谓语动词
London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent.
Pushed by polls that show health care is one of his main domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby-boomers will crush the government’s finances, George Bush is expected to unveil a reform plan in next week’s state-of-the-union address. 问题：
一个正确的英文句子可以有几个动词？
如果想要在一个句子中包含多个动词，有几种方法？
三、改错练习
1、the new political science curriculum at some high schools in India, encouraging teachers to use cartoons and newspaper clippings to provoke classroom debate on contemporary issues.
2、Some people hold the idea that people will have more time to enjoy their vacation, they can relax their body and they shouldn’t respond to any massage, while others argue that mobile phone is necessary to our life.
3、an article suggests that the Great Gatsby was not reading during 1930’s, the reason was that the novel described a lifestyle made extinct and frivolous by the current Great Depression
4、 The number of awards given this year to biochemists accentuate the significant gains being made in the study of the chemistry of living organisms.
5、nevertheless, i prefer working in large company to working in small company.
6、sometimes employee has legitimate complaints since employer pays little attention to employee’s demands.
7、according to educational statistics, the average age of college students has risen quite noticeable over the past 25 years.
8、Toni Morrison was honored by Harvard University not only as a great novelist but also she wrote eloquently of the history of African American culture.
9、A mixture of jazz and classical idioms, the music of Gershwin was more innovative than most of his contemporaries.
10、traveling through Yosemite, the scenery of waterfalls and granite peaks, which we photographed, was beautiful.
四、如何写出高质量的句子 1、加头：
It is known to all that... It is generally believed that... It is conceivable that... It is not hard to imagine that... People come to realize that... 2、加尾
非限定性定语从句修饰并指代前一句话