西安广播电视大学开放教育
数控技术专业
毕业论文（设计）
题目：数控机床的发展与应用
题目：机电一体化系统综合实训报告
校 名： 直属二分校 年 级： 11春 层 次： 专科 专 业： 数控技术 学 号： 1161101408281 姓 名： 杨亚涛 指导教师： 日 期： 2013年03月21日
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摘 要
世界制造业转移，中国正在逐步成为世界加工厂。美国、德国、韩国等国家已经进
入工业化发展的高技术密集时代与微电子时代，钢铁、机械、化工等重工业正逐渐向发展中国家转移。我国目前经济发展已经过了发展初期，正处于重化工业发展中期。 未来10年将是中国机械行业发展最佳时期。美国、德国的重化工业发展期延续了18年以上，美国、德国、韩国四国重化工业发展期平均延续了12年，我们估计中国的重化工业发展期将至少延续10年，直到2015年。因此，在未来10年中，随着中国重化工业进程的推进，中国企业规模、产品技术、质量等都将得到大幅提升，国产机械产品国际竞争力增强，逐步替代进口，并加速出口。目前，机械行业中部分子行业如船舶、铁路、集装箱及集装箱起重机制造等已经受益于国际间的产业转移，并将持续受益；电站设备、工程机械、床等将受益于产业转移，加快出口进程
关键词 : 数控 工业化发展 刀具 机床
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目 录
第一章 数控机床的产生 第二章 数控机床的发展
2.1数控系统的发展 ···················································································· 1 2.2机床的发展趋势 ···················································································· 2
第三章 数控机床的分类
3.1按加工工艺方法分类 ···························································································· 4 3.1.1金属切削类数控机床 ························································································ 4 3.1.2特种加工类数控机床 ························································································ 4 3.1.3板材加工类数控机床 ························································································ 4 3.2按控制运动轨迹分类 ···························································································· 5 3.1.2点位控制数控机床 ···························································································· 5 3.2.2直线控制数控机床 ···························································································· 5 3.2.3轮廓控制数控机床 ···························································································· 5 3.3按驱动装置的特点分类 ························································································ 6 3.3.1开环控制数控机床 ···························································································· 6 3.3.2闭环控制数控机床 ···························································································· 7 3.3.3半闭环控制数控机床 ························································································ 7 3.3.4混合控制数控机床 ···························································································· 7
第四章 数控车床的工艺与工装削
4.1合理选择切削用量 ································································································ 9 4.2合理选择刀具 ········································································································ 9 4.3合理选择夹具 ········································································································ 10 4.4确定加工路线 ········································································································ 10 4.5 加工路线与加工余量的联系 ··············································································· 10 4.6夹具安装要点 ········································································································ 10
第五章 程序首句妙用与控制尺寸精度的技巧
5.1程序首句妙用G00的技巧 ···················································································· 11
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5.2控制尺寸精度的技巧 ···························································································· 12 5.2.1修改刀补值保证尺寸精度 ················································································ 12 5.2.2半精加工消除丝杆间隙影响保证尺寸精度 ···················································· 12 5.2.3程序编制保证尺寸精度 ···················································································· 12 5.2.4修改程序和刀补控制尺寸 ················································································ 13
第六章 数控技术
6.1数控机床电气控制系统综述 ················································································ 14 6.2数控机床运动坐标的电气控制 ············································································ 16
结语?????????????????????????????????? 致谢?????????????????????????????????? 参考文献?????????????????????????????????
第一章 数控机床的产生
在机械制造工业中并不是所有的产品零件都具有很大的批量，单件与小批量生产的
零件（批量在10～100件）约占机械加工总量的80%以上。尤其是在造船、航天、航空、机床、重型机械以及国防工业更是如此。
为了满足多品种，小批量的自动化生产，迫切需要一种灵活的，通用的，能够适用产品频繁变化的柔性自动化机床。数控机床就是在这样的背景下诞生与发展起来的。它为单件、小批量生产的精密复杂零件提供了自动化的加工手段。
根据国家标准ＧＢ／Ｔ８１２９－１９９７，对机床数字控制的定义：用数字控制的装置（简称数控装置），在运行过程中，不断地引入数字数据，从而对某一生产过程实现自动控制，叫数字控制，简称数控。用计算机控制加工功能，称计算机数控（computerized numerical ，缩写ＣＮＣ）。
数控机床即使采用了数控技术的机床，或者说装备了数控系统的机床。从应用来说，数控机床就是将加工过程所需的各种操作（如主轴变速、松加工件、进刀与退刀、开车与停车、选择刀具、供给切削液等）和步骤，以及刀具与工件之间的相对位移量都用数字化的代码来表示，通过控制介质将数字信息送入专用的或通用的计算机，计算机对输入的信息进行处理与运算，发出各种指令来控制机床的伺服系统或其他执行元件，是机床自动加工出所需要的零件。
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第二章 数控机床的发展
2.1 数控系统的发展
从１９５２年第一台数控机床问世后，数控系统已经先后经历了两个阶段和六代的发展，其六代是指电子管、晶体管、集成电路、小型计算机、微处理器和基于工控ＰＣ机的通用CNC系统。其中前三代为第一阶段，称作为硬件连接数控，简称ＮＣ系统；后三代为第二阶段，乘坐计算机软件数控，简称ＣＮＣ系统。
2.2 机床的发展趋势
数控机床总的发展趋势是工序集中、高速、高效、高精度以及方便使用、提高可靠性等。
（1）工序集中 20世纪50年代末期，在一般数控机床的基础上开发了数控加工中心，即自备刀具库的自动换刀数控机床。在加工中心机床上，工件一次装夹后，机床的机械手可以自动更换刀具，连续的对工件进行多种工序加工。
目前，加工中心机床的刀具库容量可达到100多把刀具，自动换刀装置的换刀时间仅需0.5～2秒。加工中心机床使工序集中在一台机床上完成，减少了由于工序分散，工件多次安装引起的定位误差，提高了加工精度，同时也减少了机床的台数与占地面积，压缩了半成品的库存量，减少了工序间的辅助时间，有效的提高了数控机床的生产效率和数控加工的经济效益。
（2）高速、高效、高精度
高速、高效、高精度是机械加工的目标，数控机床因其价格昂贵，在上述三方面的发展
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