伺服电机原理和应用(5)

2019-04-23 19:50

? 过转量约5-6回转

为电容运转型,外观和感应电机几乎相同,但于内部结构设计上则稍有不同,因而造成特性上不同的差异。另可逆电机因内部尾端有加装剎车来令片的装置,因而能够简单地做到瞬时逆转及起动、停止的动作,最适合在频繁作正逆转及瞬间的起动停止场合下使用。

■转矩电机 特性:

? 张力控制用 ? 5分钟定格

? 具垂下特性(转速愈高,转矩反而往下降。)

转矩电机是属于较特殊的电机,适合较特殊的场合使用。像是在收送料的场合下须维持一定的张力来避免料带下垂或被扯断的卷曲动作时;又或是在锁紧螺丝或瓶盖动作的场合下需瞬间提供较大的扭力来作迫紧、也就是拘束运转的动作时,选用转矩电机则较为合适。

AC电机特性曲线说明

(1)起动转矩:速度为零时对应到Y坐标轴的点即为起动转矩。 也就是电机从静止到动的瞬间所必须克服静摩擦的力量,以使电机及工作物可以被带动上来的力量谓之。

(2)最大(停动)转矩:电机于运转时所能带动的最大负荷。 (3)同步(同期)转速:与电源周波数(Hz)同步回转的速度。

公式:N(转速)=〔120 × f(频率,Hz)〕 ÷ P(极数)

同步转速基本上它会随着电源周波数及电机极数的不同而有所不同,譬如: 当f为60Hz、P为4极时,电机的同步转速N为1800RPM; 但当f为50Hz、P为4极时,电机的同步转速N则为1500RPM。 (4)无负荷转速:无负载时电机的转速。

电机于制造的过程中不免会有一些像是铜损、铁损、磁滞损等耗损问题存在,故即使在无负载的状态下,电机的转速往往仍无法达到同步转速的理想值,它只能达到接近同步转速值,而此值即称为无负载转速。 (5)定格转矩 与 (6)格转速:

在此转矩、转速规范值内使用时,是最稳定、最有效率的工作领域。

AC电机于运转时,在转矩与转速上都是一个不断变动的参数,因此一般来说制造商会将各种不同规格的电机各自规范出一个定格点(如上图P点),由定格点对应到Y坐标轴的部份我们称之为定格转矩;对应到X坐标轴的部份我们则称之为定格转速。也就是说在定格点所对应过来的定格转矩与定格转速间的范围内(上图深蓝色区块), 即为AC电机最安定、最有效率的一个工作领域。

AC电机温升

AC电机于运转时会有一定程度的热散溢,故产生一定的温升是一种正常的现象,但事实上,温升的产生对于电机的使用寿命上而言却是有极大的影响。 ■温升对电机寿命的影响

轴承卡死:电机的使用寿命,大部分都是取决于其内部滚珠轴承内含油的寿命,电机的温度愈高,滚珠轴承的寿命就愈短,其主要是因电机长时间于高温下使用时,容易造成滚珠轴承内润滑油的液化、蒸发而溶解,最后仅剩滚珠与滚珠间的相互摩擦进而造成轴承卡死的问题。

线圈烧毁、欠相:电机于高温下使用时,亦容易造成定子线圈绝缘材料的劣化,进而造成线圈烧毁或欠相问题产生。

以上原因通常就是造成电机坏掉的两个主因,所以温升对电机寿命所造成的影响相当的大!该如何降低温升进而延长电机的使用寿命,对我们来说是相当重要而不可忽视的。

■ 影响电机温升的原因 与降低温升的方法

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 影响电机温升的原因 过载使用 运转时间未依定格时间限制使用 起动、停止频度过高 运转周期过长 电压过高 周围环境温度过高、散热不良 电容匹配不当 电机选用不当 安装面板的材质、大小、涂装 机壳材质 其它原因 降低温升方法 减轻负载 请依定格时间的限制使用 降低使用频度 缩短运转周期 控制输入电压值,或以稳压器做稳压 降低环境温度、加开散热孔或用风扇强制冷却

确认电容规格是否正确 重新选用电机 以散热效果较佳的材质做安装 使用散热效果较佳的机壳材质……等。

除针对上述所列影响电机温升的原因作控制及改善外,另亦可于电机、机构端连结处以加装连轴器的方式来阻隔机构上的温度传导到电机端,间接达到降低温升的目的。所以, 了解可能造成电机温升问题的原因后,下回在使用电机时就必须要特别注意这些造成电机温升的原因并加以控制,如此才能对延长电机使用寿命有所帮助。

AC电机控制疑难杂症

AC感应/可逆电机异常发热、转矩下降或不转时,该如何处理?

可依下列步骤进行检查及确认: 1.接线是否正确?

(配线错误将有可能导致电机发热、转矩降低。) 2.电容器是否异常(单相电机时)?

(电容器异常时,将会造成电机发热、转矩降低的情况。要判断电容器是否为良品时,可于电源输入时测量电容器端子间的电压是否为电源电压的1.5~2倍,若是,则代表电容器并无异常;否则,请更换电容器。) 3.负载是否超过电机标准负荷?

(过负载会造成电机异常发热,请避免过载使用。)

4.若皆非上述原因造成电机不转时,则有可能为电机本身的异常所造成发热及转矩降低,此时,您可以去量测电机的线圈阻值,进一步判断电机到底是否损坏。否则,建议可向您的电机购买商做进一步的确认或检查。

直流有刷伺服电机的简单驱动技术

Introduction

The amplifiers for DC servomotors are slightly different from the push-pull amplifier and the chopper amplifier in that the power transistors can have a constant bias on their base rather than a pulsed signal. Figure 11-79 shows an example of a two-transistor amplifier for a DC servomotor. The power supply for this amplifier is AC voltage. The first part of this circuit is the bridge rectifier that provides a DC voltage at the DC bus. The output stage of this amplifier uses two transistors and two capacitors that are connected across the DC motor armature.

The base of each of the power transistors is controlled by a switching circuit. This circuit can be controlled by an analog circuit or from a microprocessor. When the direction signal indicates the motor should run in the forward direction, the top transistor is biased on so that positive voltage is provided to the right-side terminal of the armature. The amount of bias voltage to the transistor base will increase or decrease to change the speed of the motor. When the direction signal indicates the motor should run in the opposite direction, the bottom transistor will be biased on and negative voltage is applied to the right side of the motor armature. A diode is connected in reverse bias across the emitter-collector terminals of each power transistor to limit the effects of voltage transients on the transistors. When a transient occurs, the diode provides a path to route the excess voltage and current back into the motor winding where it will be dissipated harmlessly.

Four-transitor Amplifier for DC Servomotor

One of the drawbacks of a two-transistor amplifier is that the transistors must handle large amounts of current. Figure 11-80 shows an example of a four-transistor amplifier for a DC servomotor. The four-transistor amplifier is commonly called a bridge driver. In this diagram you can see that the bridge rectifier is drawn as a rectangle but its operation is identical to the one shown in the two-transistor amplifier circuit. You should remember that it is easier to see the operation of a bridge rectifier in this configuration when three-phase power supply is used.

FIGURE 11-80 Four-transistor amplifier for a DC servomotor.

The base of each transistor is controlled by a switching circuit. Again the bias of each transistor is a continuous signal that can be varied from minimum to maximum. When the amplifier is set to run the motor in the clockwise direction, transistors Q2 and Q3 are biased on so that positive voltage is applied to the right side of the motor armature. When the motor is set to run in the counterclockwise direction, transistors Ql and Q4 are biased on so that positive voltage is directed to the left side of the armature. The amount of bias voltage will determine the amount of voltage each transistor passes to the armature, which will in turn change the speed of the motor.

直流伺服电机的简单驱动电路

The output stage of all servo amplifiers is an analog circuit. The analog circuit provides a means to allow the voltage and current for the motor to be adjusted to control position, velocity, and torque. The feedback and comparator stages can be any mixture of digital and analog devices. For example, if the feedback section uses a resolver, the output of this device is analog, so the section it works with is generally also analog. If the feedback device is an encoder, its output is digital, and the digital signal can be converted through a

frequency-to-voltage converter so that the signal is usable in an analog circuit. Or it can be filtered and can use a digital value. The advent of microprocessors has allowed the digital values to be used through every part of the servo controller except the final output stage. Figure 11-76 shows a diagram of the components in a typical servo linear amplifier. The circuit shows the motor winding connected to a set of transistors (TR1 and TR2). The transistors can control positive (+V) or negative (—V) voltage to make the motor turn in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction. The transistors can be pulsed on and off as in a pulse-width


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